3837 lines
138 KiB
Text
3837 lines
138 KiB
Text
\input texinfo @c -*- Texinfo -*-
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@setfilename binutils.info
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@c Copyright 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@include config.texi
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@ifinfo
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@format
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START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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* Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities.
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* ar: (binutils)ar. Create, modify, and extract from archives
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* nm: (binutils)nm. List symbols from object files
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* objcopy: (binutils)objcopy. Copy and translate object files
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* objdump: (binutils)objdump. Display information from object files
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* ranlib: (binutils)ranlib. Generate index to archive contents
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* readelf: (binutils)readelf. Display the contents of ELF format files.
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* size: (binutils)size. List section sizes and total size
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* strings: (binutils)strings. List printable strings from files
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* strip: (binutils)strip. Discard symbols
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* c++filt: (binutils)c++filt. Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
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* cxxfilt: (binutils)c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt
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* addr2line: (binutils)addr2line. Convert addresses to file and line
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* nlmconv: (binutils)nlmconv. Converts object code into an NLM
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* windres: (binutils)windres. Manipulate Windows resources
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* dlltool: (binutils)dlltool. Create files needed to build and use DLLs
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END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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@end format
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@end ifinfo
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@ifinfo
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@c man begin COPYRIGHT
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Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
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Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
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section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
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@c man end
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@ignore
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Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
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results, provided the printed document carries a copying permission
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notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
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(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
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@end ignore
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@end ifinfo
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@synindex ky cp
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@c
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@c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy",
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@c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", "readelf" and "ranlib".
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@c
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@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@c
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@c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU
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@c Free Documentation License.
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@c
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@setchapternewpage odd
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@settitle @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities
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@titlepage
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@finalout
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@title The @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities
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@subtitle Version @value{VERSION}
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@sp 1
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@subtitle May 1993
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@author Roland H. Pesch
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@author Jeffrey M. Osier
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@author Cygnus Support
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@page
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@tex
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{\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill
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\TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par }
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@end tex
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@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
|
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
|
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
|
section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
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@end titlepage
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@node Top
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@top Introduction
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@cindex version
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This brief manual contains preliminary documentation for the @sc{gnu} binary
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utilities (collectively version @value{VERSION}):
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@iftex
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@table @code
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@item ar
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Create, modify, and extract from archives
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@item nm
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List symbols from object files
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@item objcopy
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Copy and translate object files
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@item objdump
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Display information from object files
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@item ranlib
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|
Generate index to archive contents
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|
|
|
@item readelf
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Display the contents of ELF format files.
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|
|
@item size
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|
List file section sizes and total size
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|
@item strings
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List printable strings from files
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@item strip
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Discard symbols
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|
|
@item c++filt
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|
Demangle encoded C++ symbols (on MS-DOS, this program is named
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@code{cxxfilt})
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@item addr2line
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|
Convert addresses into file names and line numbers
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|
|
@item nlmconv
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|
Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module
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|
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@item windres
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Manipulate Windows resources
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|
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|
@item dlltool
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Create the files needed to build and use Dynamic Link Libraries
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|
@end table
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@end iftex
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|
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|
This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free
|
|
Documentation License. A copy of the license is included in the
|
|
section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
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|
|
@menu
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* ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives
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|
* nm:: List symbols from object files
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* objcopy:: Copy and translate object files
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|
* objdump:: Display information from object files
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|
* ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents
|
|
* readelf:: Display the contents of ELF format files.
|
|
* size:: List section sizes and total size
|
|
* strings:: List printable strings from files
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|
* strip:: Discard symbols
|
|
* c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
|
|
* cxxfilt: c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt
|
|
* addr2line:: Convert addresses to file and line
|
|
* nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM
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|
* windres:: Manipulate Windows resources
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|
* dlltool:: Create files needed to build and use DLLs
|
|
* Selecting The Target System:: How these utilities determine the target.
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|
* Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs
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|
* GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License
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|
* Index:: Index
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@end menu
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@node ar
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@chapter ar
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@kindex ar
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@cindex archives
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@cindex collections of files
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@c man title ar create, modify, and extract from archives
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|
@smallexample
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|
ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
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|
ar -M [ <mri-script ]
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|
@end smallexample
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@c man begin DESCRIPTION ar
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The @sc{gnu} @command{ar} program creates, modifies, and extracts from
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archives. An @dfn{archive} is a single file holding a collection of
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|
other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve
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|
the original individual files (called @dfn{members} of the archive).
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The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and
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|
group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on
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extraction.
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|
|
@cindex name length
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|
@sc{gnu} @command{ar} can maintain archives whose members have names of any
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|
length; however, depending on how @command{ar} is configured on your
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|
system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility
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|
with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the
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|
limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16
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|
characters (typical of formats related to coff).
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|
@cindex libraries
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|
@command{ar} is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort
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|
are most often used as @dfn{libraries} holding commonly needed
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|
subroutines.
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|
|
@cindex symbol index
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|
@command{ar} creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable
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|
object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier @samp{s}.
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|
Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever @command{ar}
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|
makes a change to its contents (save for the @samp{q} update operation).
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|
An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and
|
|
allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to
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|
their placement in the archive.
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|
You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index
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|
table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of @command{ar} called
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|
@command{ranlib} can be used to add just the table.
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|
@cindex compatibility, @command{ar}
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@cindex @command{ar} compatibility
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|
@sc{gnu} @command{ar} is designed to be compatible with two different
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|
facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options,
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|
like the different varieties of @command{ar} on Unix systems; or, if you
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specify the single command-line option @option{-M}, you can control it
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with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI ``librarian''
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program.
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@c man end
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@menu
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* ar cmdline:: Controlling @command{ar} on the command line
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* ar scripts:: Controlling @command{ar} with a script
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@end menu
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@page
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@node ar cmdline
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@section Controlling @command{ar} on the command line
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@smallexample
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@c man begin SYNOPSIS ar
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ar [@option{-X32_64}] [@option{-}]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}] [@var{count}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
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@c man end
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@end smallexample
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@cindex Unix compatibility, @command{ar}
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|
When you use @command{ar} in the Unix style, @command{ar} insists on at least two
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arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the @emph{operation}
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|
(optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying
|
|
@emph{modifiers}), and the archive name to act on.
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|
Most operations can also accept further @var{member} arguments,
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specifying particular files to operate on.
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@c man begin OPTIONS ar
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|
@sc{gnu} @command{ar} allows you to mix the operation code @var{p} and modifier
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flags @var{mod} in any order, within the first command-line argument.
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|
If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a
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dash.
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|
@cindex operations on archive
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|
The @var{p} keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be
|
|
any of the following, but you must specify only one of them:
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|
@table @samp
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@item d
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|
@cindex deleting from archive
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|
@emph{Delete} modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to
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|
be deleted as @var{member}@dots{}; the archive is untouched if you
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specify no files to delete.
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|
If you specify the @samp{v} modifier, @command{ar} lists each module
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as it is deleted.
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|
@item m
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|
@cindex moving in archive
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|
Use this operation to @emph{move} members in an archive.
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|
|
The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how
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|
programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more
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than one member.
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|
|
If no modifiers are used with @code{m}, any members you name in the
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|
@var{member} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive;
|
|
you can use the @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} modifiers to move them to a
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specified place instead.
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|
|
@item p
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|
@cindex printing from archive
|
|
@emph{Print} the specified members of the archive, to the standard
|
|
output file. If the @samp{v} modifier is specified, show the member
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|
name before copying its contents to standard output.
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|
|
If you specify no @var{member} arguments, all the files in the archive are
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printed.
|
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|
|
@item q
|
|
@cindex quick append to archive
|
|
@emph{Quick append}; Historically, add the files @var{member}@dots{} to the end of
|
|
@var{archive}, without checking for replacement.
|
|
|
|
The modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, and @samp{i} do @emph{not} affect this
|
|
operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive.
|
|
|
|
The modifier @samp{v} makes @command{ar} list each file as it is appended.
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|
|
|
Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol table
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index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use @samp{ar s} or
|
|
@command{ranlib} explicitly to update the symbol table index.
|
|
|
|
However, too many different systems assume quick append rebuilds the
|
|
index, so GNU ar implements @code{q} as a synonym for @code{r}.
|
|
|
|
@item r
|
|
@cindex replacement in archive
|
|
Insert the files @var{member}@dots{} into @var{archive} (with
|
|
@emph{replacement}). This operation differs from @samp{q} in that any
|
|
previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being
|
|
added.
|
|
|
|
If one of the files named in @var{member}@dots{} does not exist, @command{ar}
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|
displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members
|
|
of the archive matching that name.
|
|
|
|
By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may
|
|
use one of the modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} to request
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|
placement relative to some existing member.
|
|
|
|
The modifier @samp{v} used with this operation elicits a line of
|
|
output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters @samp{a} or
|
|
@samp{r} to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member
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|
deleted) or replaced.
|
|
|
|
@item t
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|
@cindex contents of archive
|
|
Display a @emph{table} listing the contents of @var{archive}, or those
|
|
of the files listed in @var{member}@dots{} that are present in the
|
|
archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to
|
|
see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can
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|
request that by also specifying the @samp{v} modifier.
|
|
|
|
If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive
|
|
are listed.
|
|
|
|
@cindex repeated names in archive
|
|
@cindex name duplication in archive
|
|
If there is more than one file with the same name (say, @samp{fie}) in
|
|
an archive (say @samp{b.a}), @samp{ar t b.a fie} lists only the
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|
first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete
|
|
listing---in our example, @samp{ar t b.a}.
|
|
@c WRS only; per Gumby, this is implementation-dependent, and in a more
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@c recent case in fact works the other way.
|
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|
|
@item x
|
|
@cindex extract from archive
|
|
@emph{Extract} members (named @var{member}) from the archive. You can
|
|
use the @samp{v} modifier with this operation, to request that
|
|
@command{ar} list each name as it extracts it.
|
|
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|
If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive
|
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are extracted.
|
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|
@end table
|
|
|
|
A number of modifiers (@var{mod}) may immediately follow the @var{p}
|
|
keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior:
|
|
|
|
@table @samp
|
|
@item a
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|
@cindex relative placement in archive
|
|
Add new files @emph{after} an existing member of the
|
|
archive. If you use the modifier @samp{a}, the name of an existing archive
|
|
member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
|
|
@var{archive} specification.
|
|
|
|
@item b
|
|
Add new files @emph{before} an existing member of the
|
|
archive. If you use the modifier @samp{b}, the name of an existing archive
|
|
member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
|
|
@var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{i}).
|
|
|
|
@item c
|
|
@cindex creating archives
|
|
@emph{Create} the archive. The specified @var{archive} is always
|
|
created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
|
|
issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by
|
|
using this modifier.
|
|
|
|
@item f
|
|
Truncate names in the archive. @sc{gnu} @command{ar} will normally permit file
|
|
names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which are
|
|
not compatible with the native @command{ar} program on some systems. If
|
|
this is a concern, the @samp{f} modifier may be used to truncate file
|
|
names when putting them in the archive.
|
|
|
|
@item i
|
|
Insert new files @emph{before} an existing member of the
|
|
archive. If you use the modifier @samp{i}, the name of an existing archive
|
|
member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
|
|
@var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{b}).
|
|
|
|
@item l
|
|
This modifier is accepted but not used.
|
|
@c whaffor ar l modifier??? presumably compat; with
|
|
@c what???---doc@@cygnus.com, 25jan91
|
|
|
|
@item N
|
|
Uses the @var{count} parameter. This is used if there are multiple
|
|
entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete instance
|
|
@var{count} of the given name from the archive.
|
|
|
|
@item o
|
|
@cindex dates in archive
|
|
Preserve the @emph{original} dates of members when extracting them. If
|
|
you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive
|
|
are stamped with the time of extraction.
|
|
|
|
@item P
|
|
Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. @sc{gnu}
|
|
@command{ar} can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives
|
|
are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can. This option
|
|
will cause @sc{gnu} @command{ar} to match file names using a complete path
|
|
name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file from an
|
|
archive created by another tool.
|
|
|
|
@item s
|
|
@cindex writing archive index
|
|
Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one,
|
|
even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier
|
|
flag either with any operation, or alone. Running @samp{ar s} on an
|
|
archive is equivalent to running @samp{ranlib} on it.
|
|
|
|
@item S
|
|
@cindex not writing archive index
|
|
Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up building a
|
|
large library in several steps. The resulting archive can not be used
|
|
with the linker. In order to build a symbol table, you must omit the
|
|
@samp{S} modifier on the last execution of @samp{ar}, or you must run
|
|
@samp{ranlib} on the archive.
|
|
|
|
@item u
|
|
@cindex updating an archive
|
|
Normally, @samp{ar r}@dots{} inserts all files
|
|
listed into the archive. If you would like to insert @emph{only} those
|
|
of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same
|
|
names, use this modifier. The @samp{u} modifier is allowed only for the
|
|
operation @samp{r} (replace). In particular, the combination @samp{qu} is
|
|
not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed
|
|
advantage from the operation @samp{q}.
|
|
|
|
@item v
|
|
This modifier requests the @emph{verbose} version of an operation. Many
|
|
operations display additional information, such as filenames processed,
|
|
when the modifier @samp{v} is appended.
|
|
|
|
@item V
|
|
This modifier shows the version number of @command{ar}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@command{ar} ignores an initial option spelt @samp{-X32_64}, for
|
|
compatibility with AIX. The behaviour produced by this option is the
|
|
default for GNU @command{ar}. @command{ar} does not support any of the other
|
|
@samp{-X} options; in particular, it does not support @option{-X32}
|
|
which is the default for AIX @command{ar}.
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO ar
|
|
nm(1), ranlib(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node ar scripts
|
|
@section Controlling @command{ar} with a script
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
ar -M [ <@var{script} ]
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@cindex MRI compatibility, @command{ar}
|
|
@cindex scripts, @command{ar}
|
|
If you use the single command-line option @samp{-M} with @command{ar}, you
|
|
can control its operation with a rudimentary command language. This
|
|
form of @command{ar} operates interactively if standard input is coming
|
|
directly from a terminal. During interactive use, @command{ar} prompts for
|
|
input (the prompt is @samp{AR >}), and continues executing even after
|
|
errors. If you redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts are
|
|
issued, and @command{ar} abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code)
|
|
on any error.
|
|
|
|
The @command{ar} command language is @emph{not} designed to be equivalent
|
|
to the command-line options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control
|
|
over archives. The only purpose of the command language is to ease the
|
|
transition to @sc{gnu} @command{ar} for developers who already have scripts
|
|
written for the MRI ``librarian'' program.
|
|
|
|
The syntax for the @command{ar} command language is straightforward:
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, @code{LIST}
|
|
is the same as @code{list}. In the following descriptions, commands are
|
|
shown in upper case for clarity.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the
|
|
line.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
empty lines are allowed, and have no effect.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
comments are allowed; text after either of the characters @samp{*}
|
|
or @samp{;} is ignored.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an @command{ar}
|
|
command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or
|
|
blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
@samp{+} is used as a line continuation character; if @samp{+} appears
|
|
at the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered part
|
|
of the current command.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
Here are the commands you can use in @command{ar} scripts, or when using
|
|
@command{ar} interactively. Three of them have special significance:
|
|
|
|
@code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE} specify a @dfn{current archive}, which is
|
|
a temporary file required for most of the other commands.
|
|
|
|
@code{SAVE} commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior
|
|
to @code{SAVE}, commands affect only the temporary copy of the current
|
|
archive.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item ADDLIB @var{archive}
|
|
@itemx ADDLIB @var{archive} (@var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module})
|
|
Add all the contents of @var{archive} (or, if specified, each named
|
|
@var{module} from @var{archive}) to the current archive.
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@item ADDMOD @var{member}, @var{member}, @dots{} @var{member}
|
|
@c FIXME! w/Replacement?? If so, like "ar r @var{archive} @var{names}"
|
|
@c else like "ar q..."
|
|
Add each named @var{member} as a module in the current archive.
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@item CLEAR
|
|
Discard the contents of the current archive, canceling the effect of
|
|
any operations since the last @code{SAVE}. May be executed (with no
|
|
effect) even if no current archive is specified.
|
|
|
|
@item CREATE @var{archive}
|
|
Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for many
|
|
other commands). The new archive is created with a temporary name; it
|
|
is not actually saved as @var{archive} until you use @code{SAVE}.
|
|
You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any
|
|
existing file named @var{archive} will not be destroyed until @code{SAVE}.
|
|
|
|
@item DELETE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
|
|
Delete each listed @var{module} from the current archive; equivalent to
|
|
@samp{ar -d @var{archive} @var{module} @dots{} @var{module}}.
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@item DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module})
|
|
@itemx DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) @var{outputfile}
|
|
List each named @var{module} present in @var{archive}. The separate
|
|
command @code{VERBOSE} specifies the form of the output: when verbose
|
|
output is off, output is like that of @samp{ar -t @var{archive}
|
|
@var{module}@dots{}}. When verbose output is on, the listing is like
|
|
@samp{ar -tv @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}.
|
|
|
|
Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you
|
|
specify @var{outputfile} as a final argument, @command{ar} directs the
|
|
output to that file.
|
|
|
|
@item END
|
|
Exit from @command{ar}, with a @code{0} exit code to indicate successful
|
|
completion. This command does not save the output file; if you have
|
|
changed the current archive since the last @code{SAVE} command, those
|
|
changes are lost.
|
|
|
|
@item EXTRACT @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
|
|
Extract each named @var{module} from the current archive, writing them
|
|
into the current directory as separate files. Equivalent to @samp{ar -x
|
|
@var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}.
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c FIXME Tokens but no commands???
|
|
@item FULLDIR
|
|
|
|
@item HELP
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@item LIST
|
|
Display full contents of the current archive, in ``verbose'' style
|
|
regardless of the state of @code{VERBOSE}. The effect is like @samp{ar
|
|
tv @var{archive}}. (This single command is a @sc{gnu} @command{ar}
|
|
enhancement, rather than present for MRI compatibility.)
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@item OPEN @var{archive}
|
|
Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for
|
|
many other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent commands
|
|
will not actually affect @var{archive} until you next use @code{SAVE}.
|
|
|
|
@item REPLACE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
|
|
In the current archive, replace each existing @var{module} (named in
|
|
the @code{REPLACE} arguments) from files in the current working directory.
|
|
To execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module in
|
|
the current archive, must exist.
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@item VERBOSE
|
|
Toggle an internal flag governing the output from @code{DIRECTORY}.
|
|
When the flag is on, @code{DIRECTORY} output matches output from
|
|
@samp{ar -tv }@dots{}.
|
|
|
|
@item SAVE
|
|
Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a
|
|
file with the name specified in the last @code{CREATE} or @code{OPEN}
|
|
command.
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@iftex
|
|
@node ld
|
|
@chapter ld
|
|
@cindex linker
|
|
@kindex ld
|
|
The @sc{gnu} linker @command{ld} is now described in a separate manual.
|
|
@xref{Top,, Overview,, Using LD: the @sc{gnu} linker}.
|
|
@end iftex
|
|
|
|
@node nm
|
|
@chapter nm
|
|
@cindex symbols
|
|
@kindex nm
|
|
|
|
@c man title nm list symbols from object files
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS nm
|
|
nm [@option{-a}|@option{--debug-syms}] [@option{-g}|@option{--extern-only}]
|
|
[@option{-B}] [@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}]] [@option{-D}|@option{--dynamic}]
|
|
[@option{-S}|@option{--print-size}] [@option{-s}|@option{--print-armap}]
|
|
[@option{-A}|@option{-o}|@option{--print-file-name}]
|
|
[@option{-n}|@option{-v}|@option{--numeric-sort}] [@option{-p}|@option{--no-sort}]
|
|
[@option{-r}|@option{--reverse-sort}] [@option{--size-sort}] [@option{-u}|@option{--undefined-only}]
|
|
[@option{-t} @var{radix}|@option{--radix=}@var{radix}] [@option{-P}|@option{--portability}]
|
|
[@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] [@option{-f}@var{format}|@option{--format=}@var{format}]
|
|
[@option{--defined-only}] [@option{-l}|@option{--line-numbers}] [@option{--no-demangle}]
|
|
[@option{-V}|@option{--version}] [@option{-X 32_64}] [@option{--help}] [@var{objfile}@dots{}]
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION nm
|
|
@sc{gnu} @command{nm} lists the symbols from object files @var{objfile}@dots{}.
|
|
If no object files are listed as arguments, @command{nm} assumes the file
|
|
@file{a.out}.
|
|
|
|
For each symbol, @command{nm} shows:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or
|
|
hexadecimal by default.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as
|
|
well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is
|
|
local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external).
|
|
|
|
@c Some more detail on exactly what these symbol types are used for
|
|
@c would be nice.
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item A
|
|
The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further
|
|
linking.
|
|
|
|
@item B
|
|
The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as BSS).
|
|
|
|
@item C
|
|
The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When
|
|
linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the
|
|
symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined
|
|
references.
|
|
@ifclear man
|
|
For more details on common symbols, see the discussion of
|
|
--warn-common in @ref{Options,,Linker options,ld.info,The GNU linker}.
|
|
@end ifclear
|
|
|
|
@item D
|
|
The symbol is in the initialized data section.
|
|
|
|
@item G
|
|
The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some
|
|
object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects,
|
|
such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array.
|
|
|
|
@item I
|
|
The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol. This is a GNU
|
|
extension to the a.out object file format which is rarely used.
|
|
|
|
@item N
|
|
The symbol is a debugging symbol.
|
|
|
|
@item R
|
|
The symbol is in a read only data section.
|
|
|
|
@item S
|
|
The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects.
|
|
|
|
@item T
|
|
The symbol is in the text (code) section.
|
|
|
|
@item U
|
|
The symbol is undefined.
|
|
|
|
@item V
|
|
The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with
|
|
a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
|
|
When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
|
|
the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error.
|
|
|
|
@item W
|
|
The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a
|
|
weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal
|
|
defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
|
|
When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
|
|
the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error.
|
|
|
|
@item -
|
|
The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the
|
|
next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and
|
|
the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information.
|
|
@ifclear man
|
|
For more information, see @ref{Top,Stabs,Stabs Overview,stabs.info, The
|
|
``stabs'' debug format}.
|
|
@end ifclear
|
|
|
|
@item ?
|
|
The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
The symbol name.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS nm
|
|
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
|
|
equivalent.
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item -A
|
|
@itemx -o
|
|
@itemx --print-file-name
|
|
@cindex input file name
|
|
@cindex file name
|
|
@cindex source file name
|
|
Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member)
|
|
in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only,
|
|
before all of its symbols.
|
|
|
|
@item -a
|
|
@itemx --debug-syms
|
|
@cindex debugging symbols
|
|
Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not
|
|
listed.
|
|
|
|
@item -B
|
|
@cindex @command{nm} format
|
|
@cindex @command{nm} compatibility
|
|
The same as @option{--format=bsd} (for compatibility with the MIPS @command{nm}).
|
|
|
|
@item -C
|
|
@itemx --demangle[=@var{style}]
|
|
@cindex demangling in nm
|
|
Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
|
|
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
|
|
makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different
|
|
mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
|
|
choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt},
|
|
for more information on demangling.
|
|
|
|
@item --no-demangle
|
|
Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
|
|
|
|
@item -D
|
|
@itemx --dynamic
|
|
@cindex dynamic symbols
|
|
Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is
|
|
only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
|
|
libraries.
|
|
|
|
@item -f @var{format}
|
|
@itemx --format=@var{format}
|
|
@cindex @command{nm} format
|
|
@cindex @command{nm} compatibility
|
|
Use the output format @var{format}, which can be @code{bsd},
|
|
@code{sysv}, or @code{posix}. The default is @code{bsd}.
|
|
Only the first character of @var{format} is significant; it can be
|
|
either upper or lower case.
|
|
|
|
@item -g
|
|
@itemx --extern-only
|
|
@cindex external symbols
|
|
Display only external symbols.
|
|
|
|
@item -l
|
|
@itemx --line-numbers
|
|
@cindex symbol line numbers
|
|
For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and
|
|
line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the
|
|
address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line
|
|
number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number
|
|
information can be found, print it after the other symbol information.
|
|
|
|
@item -n
|
|
@itemx -v
|
|
@itemx --numeric-sort
|
|
Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically
|
|
by their names.
|
|
|
|
@item -p
|
|
@itemx --no-sort
|
|
@cindex sorting symbols
|
|
Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order
|
|
encountered.
|
|
|
|
@item -P
|
|
@itemx --portability
|
|
Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format.
|
|
Equivalent to @samp{-f posix}.
|
|
|
|
@item -S
|
|
@itemx --print-size
|
|
Print size of defined symbols for the @code{bsd} output format.
|
|
|
|
@item -s
|
|
@itemx --print-armap
|
|
@cindex symbol index, listing
|
|
When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping
|
|
(stored in the archive by @command{ar} or @command{ranlib}) of which modules
|
|
contain definitions for which names.
|
|
|
|
@item -r
|
|
@itemx --reverse-sort
|
|
Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the
|
|
last come first.
|
|
|
|
@item --size-sort
|
|
Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference between
|
|
the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher
|
|
value. The size of the symbol is printed, rather than the value.
|
|
|
|
@item -t @var{radix}
|
|
@itemx --radix=@var{radix}
|
|
Use @var{radix} as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be
|
|
@samp{d} for decimal, @samp{o} for octal, or @samp{x} for hexadecimal.
|
|
|
|
@item --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
@cindex object code format
|
|
Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -u
|
|
@itemx --undefined-only
|
|
@cindex external symbols
|
|
@cindex undefined symbols
|
|
Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
|
|
|
|
@item --defined-only
|
|
@cindex external symbols
|
|
@cindex undefined symbols
|
|
Display only defined symbols for each object file.
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Show the version number of @command{nm} and exit.
|
|
|
|
@item -X
|
|
This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of
|
|
@command{nm}. It takes one parameter which must be the string
|
|
@option{32_64}. The default mode of AIX @command{nm} corresponds
|
|
to @option{-X 32}, which is not supported by @sc{gnu} @command{nm}.
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Show a summary of the options to @command{nm} and exit.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO nm
|
|
ar(1), objdump(1), ranlib(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node objcopy
|
|
@chapter objcopy
|
|
|
|
@c man title objcopy copy and translate object files
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS objcopy
|
|
objcopy [@option{-F} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}]
|
|
[@option{-I} @var{bfdname}|@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}]
|
|
[@option{-O} @var{bfdname}|@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}]
|
|
[@option{-B} @var{bfdarch}|@option{--binary-architecture=}@var{bfdarch}]
|
|
[@option{-S}|@option{--strip-all}] [@option{-g}|@option{--strip-debug}]
|
|
[@option{-K} @var{symbolname}|@option{--keep-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
|
|
[@option{-N} @var{symbolname}|@option{--strip-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
|
|
[@option{-G} @var{symbolname}|@option{--keep-global-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
|
|
[@option{-L} @var{symbolname}|@option{--localize-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
|
|
[@option{-W} @var{symbolname}|@option{--weaken-symbol=}@var{symbolname}]
|
|
[@option{-x}|@option{--discard-all}] [@option{-X}|@option{--discard-locals}]
|
|
[@option{-b} @var{byte}|@option{--byte=}@var{byte}]
|
|
[@option{-i} @var{interleave}|@option{--interleave=}@var{interleave}]
|
|
[@option{-j} @var{sectionname}|@option{--only-section=}@var{sectionname}]
|
|
[@option{-R} @var{sectionname}|@option{--remove-section=}@var{sectionname}]
|
|
[@option{-p}|@option{--preserve-dates}]
|
|
[@option{--debugging}]
|
|
[@option{--gap-fill=}@var{val}] [@option{--pad-to=}@var{address}]
|
|
[@option{--set-start=}@var{val}] [@option{--adjust-start=}@var{incr}]
|
|
[@option{--change-addresses=}@var{incr}]
|
|
[@option{--change-section-address} @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}]
|
|
[@option{--change-section-lma} @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}]
|
|
[@option{--change-section-vma} @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}]
|
|
[@option{--change-warnings}] [@option{--no-change-warnings}]
|
|
[@option{--set-section-flags} @var{section}=@var{flags}]
|
|
[@option{--add-section} @var{sectionname}=@var{filename}]
|
|
[@option{--rename-section} @var{oldname}=@var{newname}[,@var{flags}]]
|
|
[@option{--change-leading-char} ] [@option{--remove-leading-char}]
|
|
[@option{--srec-len=}@var{ival} ] [@option{--srec-forceS3}]
|
|
[@option{--redefine-sym} @var{old}=@var{new} ]
|
|
[@option{--weaken}]
|
|
[@option{--keep-symbols=}@var{filename}]
|
|
[@option{--strip-symbols=}@var{filename}]
|
|
[@option{--keep-global-symbols=}@var{filename}]
|
|
[@option{--localize-symbols=}@var{filename}]
|
|
[@option{--weaken-symbols=}@var{filename}]
|
|
[@option{--alt-machine-code=@var{index}}]
|
|
[@option{-v}|@option{--verbose}]
|
|
[@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
|
|
[@option{--help}]
|
|
@var{infile} [@var{outfile}]
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION objcopy
|
|
The @sc{gnu} @command{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object
|
|
file to another. @command{objcopy} uses the @sc{gnu} @sc{bfd} Library to
|
|
read and write the object files. It can write the destination object
|
|
file in a format different from that of the source object file. The
|
|
exact behavior of @command{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options.
|
|
Note that @command{objcopy} should be able to copy a fully linked file
|
|
between any two formats. However, copying a relocatable object file
|
|
between any two formats may not work as expected.
|
|
|
|
@command{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and
|
|
deletes them afterward. @command{objcopy} uses @sc{bfd} to do all its
|
|
translation work; it has access to all the formats described in @sc{bfd}
|
|
and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told
|
|
explicitly. @xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}.
|
|
|
|
@command{objcopy} can be used to generate S-records by using an output
|
|
target of @samp{srec} (e.g., use @samp{-O srec}).
|
|
|
|
@command{objcopy} can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an
|
|
output target of @samp{binary} (e.g., use @option{-O binary}). When
|
|
@command{objcopy} generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce
|
|
a memory dump of the contents of the input object file. All symbols and
|
|
relocation information will be discarded. The memory dump will start at
|
|
the load address of the lowest section copied into the output file.
|
|
|
|
When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to
|
|
use @option{-S} to remove sections containing debugging information. In
|
|
some cases @option{-R} will be useful to remove sections which contain
|
|
information that is not needed by the binary file.
|
|
|
|
Note - @command{objcopy} is not able to change the endianness of its input
|
|
files. If the input format has an endianness, (some formats do not),
|
|
@command{objcopy} can only copy the inputs into file formats that have the
|
|
same endianness or which have no endianness (eg @samp{srec}).
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS objcopy
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item @var{infile}
|
|
@itemx @var{outfile}
|
|
The input and output files, respectively.
|
|
If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @command{objcopy} creates a
|
|
temporary file and destructively renames the result with
|
|
the name of @var{infile}.
|
|
|
|
@item -I @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Consider the source file's object format to be @var{bfdname}, rather than
|
|
attempting to deduce it. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -O @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Write the output file using the object format @var{bfdname}.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -F @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Use @var{bfdname} as the object format for both the input and the output
|
|
file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no
|
|
translation. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -B @var{bfdarch}
|
|
@itemx --binary-architecture=@var{bfdarch}
|
|
Useful when transforming a raw binary input file into an object file.
|
|
In this case the output architecture can be set to @var{bfdarch}. This
|
|
option will be ignored if the input file has a known @var{bfdarch}. You
|
|
can access this binary data inside a program by referencing the special
|
|
symbols that are created by the conversion process. These symbols are
|
|
called _binary_@var{objfile}_start, _binary_@var{objfile}_end and
|
|
_binary_@var{objfile}_size. e.g. you can transform a picture file into
|
|
an object file and then access it in your code using these symbols.
|
|
|
|
@item -j @var{sectionname}
|
|
@itemx --only-section=@var{sectionname}
|
|
Copy only the named section from the input file to the output file.
|
|
This option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
|
|
inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
|
|
|
|
@item -R @var{sectionname}
|
|
@itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname}
|
|
Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This
|
|
option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
|
|
inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
|
|
|
|
@item -S
|
|
@itemx --strip-all
|
|
Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file.
|
|
|
|
@item -g
|
|
@itemx --strip-debug
|
|
Do not copy debugging symbols from the source file.
|
|
|
|
@item --strip-unneeded
|
|
Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.
|
|
|
|
@item -K @var{symbolname}
|
|
@itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname}
|
|
Copy only symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may
|
|
be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item -N @var{symbolname}
|
|
@itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname}
|
|
Do not copy symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option
|
|
may be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item -G @var{symbolname}
|
|
@itemx --keep-global-symbol=@var{symbolname}
|
|
Keep only symbol @var{symbolname} global. Make all other symbols local
|
|
to the file, so that they are not visible externally. This option may
|
|
be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item -L @var{symbolname}
|
|
@itemx --localize-symbol=@var{symbolname}
|
|
Make symbol @var{symbolname} local to the file, so that it is not
|
|
visible externally. This option may be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item -W @var{symbolname}
|
|
@itemx --weaken-symbol=@var{symbolname}
|
|
Make symbol @var{symbolname} weak. This option may be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item -x
|
|
@itemx --discard-all
|
|
Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file.
|
|
@c FIXME any reason to prefer "non-global" to "local" here?
|
|
|
|
@item -X
|
|
@itemx --discard-locals
|
|
Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols.
|
|
(These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.)
|
|
|
|
@item -b @var{byte}
|
|
@itemx --byte=@var{byte}
|
|
Keep only every @var{byte}th byte of the input file (header data is not
|
|
affected). @var{byte} can be in the range from 0 to @var{interleave}-1,
|
|
where @var{interleave} is given by the @option{-i} or @option{--interleave}
|
|
option, or the default of 4. This option is useful for creating files
|
|
to program @sc{rom}. It is typically used with an @code{srec} output
|
|
target.
|
|
|
|
@item -i @var{interleave}
|
|
@itemx --interleave=@var{interleave}
|
|
Only copy one out of every @var{interleave} bytes. Select which byte to
|
|
copy with the @option{-b} or @option{--byte} option. The default is 4.
|
|
@command{objcopy} ignores this option if you do not specify either @option{-b} or
|
|
@option{--byte}.
|
|
|
|
@item -p
|
|
@itemx --preserve-dates
|
|
Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the same
|
|
as those of the input file.
|
|
|
|
@item --debugging
|
|
Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the default
|
|
because only certain debugging formats are supported, and the
|
|
conversion process can be time consuming.
|
|
|
|
@item --gap-fill @var{val}
|
|
Fill gaps between sections with @var{val}. This operation applies to
|
|
the @emph{load address} (LMA) of the sections. It is done by increasing
|
|
the size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the extra
|
|
space created with @var{val}.
|
|
|
|
@item --pad-to @var{address}
|
|
Pad the output file up to the load address @var{address}. This is
|
|
done by increasing the size of the last section. The extra space is
|
|
filled in with the value specified by @option{--gap-fill} (default zero).
|
|
|
|
@item --set-start @var{val}
|
|
Set the start address of the new file to @var{val}. Not all object file
|
|
formats support setting the start address.
|
|
|
|
@item --change-start @var{incr}
|
|
@itemx --adjust-start @var{incr}
|
|
@cindex changing start address
|
|
Change the start address by adding @var{incr}. Not all object file
|
|
formats support setting the start address.
|
|
|
|
@item --change-addresses @var{incr}
|
|
@itemx --adjust-vma @var{incr}
|
|
@cindex changing object addresses
|
|
Change the VMA and LMA addresses of all sections, as well as the start
|
|
address, by adding @var{incr}. Some object file formats do not permit
|
|
section addresses to be changed arbitrarily. Note that this does not
|
|
relocate the sections; if the program expects sections to be loaded at a
|
|
certain address, and this option is used to change the sections such
|
|
that they are loaded at a different address, the program may fail.
|
|
|
|
@item --change-section-address @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}
|
|
@itemx --adjust-section-vma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}
|
|
@cindex changing section address
|
|
Set or change both the VMA address and the LMA address of the named
|
|
@var{section}. If @samp{=} is used, the section address is set to
|
|
@var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or subtracted from the
|
|
section address. See the comments under @option{--change-addresses},
|
|
above. If @var{section} does not exist in the input file, a warning will
|
|
be issued, unless @option{--no-change-warnings} is used.
|
|
|
|
@item --change-section-lma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}
|
|
@cindex changing section LMA
|
|
Set or change the LMA address of the named @var{section}. The LMA
|
|
address is the address where the section will be loaded into memory at
|
|
program load time. Normally this is the same as the VMA address, which
|
|
is the address of the section at program run time, but on some systems,
|
|
especially those where a program is held in ROM, the two can be
|
|
different. If @samp{=} is used, the section address is set to
|
|
@var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or subtracted from the
|
|
section address. See the comments under @option{--change-addresses},
|
|
above. If @var{section} does not exist in the input file, a warning
|
|
will be issued, unless @option{--no-change-warnings} is used.
|
|
|
|
@item --change-section-vma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}
|
|
@cindex changing section VMA
|
|
Set or change the VMA address of the named @var{section}. The VMA
|
|
address is the address where the section will be located once the
|
|
program has started executing. Normally this is the same as the LMA
|
|
address, which is the address where the section will be loaded into
|
|
memory, but on some systems, especially those where a program is held in
|
|
ROM, the two can be different. If @samp{=} is used, the section address
|
|
is set to @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is added to or subtracted
|
|
from the section address. See the comments under
|
|
@option{--change-addresses}, above. If @var{section} does not exist in
|
|
the input file, a warning will be issued, unless
|
|
@option{--no-change-warnings} is used.
|
|
|
|
@item --change-warnings
|
|
@itemx --adjust-warnings
|
|
If @option{--change-section-address} or @option{--change-section-lma} or
|
|
@option{--change-section-vma} is used, and the named section does not
|
|
exist, issue a warning. This is the default.
|
|
|
|
@item --no-change-warnings
|
|
@itemx --no-adjust-warnings
|
|
Do not issue a warning if @option{--change-section-address} or
|
|
@option{--adjust-section-lma} or @option{--adjust-section-vma} is used, even
|
|
if the named section does not exist.
|
|
|
|
@item --set-section-flags @var{section}=@var{flags}
|
|
Set the flags for the named section. The @var{flags} argument is a
|
|
comma separated string of flag names. The recognized names are
|
|
@samp{alloc}, @samp{contents}, @samp{load}, @samp{noload},
|
|
@samp{readonly}, @samp{code}, @samp{data}, @samp{rom}, @samp{share}, and
|
|
@samp{debug}. You can set the @samp{contents} flag for a section which
|
|
does not have contents, but it is not meaningful to clear the
|
|
@samp{contents} flag of a section which does have contents--just remove
|
|
the section instead. Not all flags are meaningful for all object file
|
|
formats.
|
|
|
|
@item --add-section @var{sectionname}=@var{filename}
|
|
Add a new section named @var{sectionname} while copying the file. The
|
|
contents of the new section are taken from the file @var{filename}. The
|
|
size of the section will be the size of the file. This option only
|
|
works on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary names.
|
|
|
|
@item --rename-section @var{oldname}=@var{newname}[,@var{flags}]
|
|
Rename a section from @var{oldname} to @var{newname}, optionally
|
|
changing the section's flags to @var{flags} in the process. This has
|
|
the advantage over usng a linker script to perform the rename in that
|
|
the output stays as an object file and does not become a linked
|
|
executable.
|
|
|
|
This option is particularly helpful when the input format is binary,
|
|
since this will always create a section called .data. If for example,
|
|
you wanted instead to create a section called .rodata containing binary
|
|
data you could use the following command line to achieve it:
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
objcopy -I binary -O <output_format> -B <architecture> \
|
|
--rename-section .data=.rodata,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents \
|
|
<input_binary_file> <output_object_file>
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@item --change-leading-char
|
|
Some object file formats use special characters at the start of
|
|
symbols. The most common such character is underscore, which compilers
|
|
often add before every symbol. This option tells @command{objcopy} to
|
|
change the leading character of every symbol when it converts between
|
|
object file formats. If the object file formats use the same leading
|
|
character, this option has no effect. Otherwise, it will add a
|
|
character, or remove a character, or change a character, as
|
|
appropriate.
|
|
|
|
@item --remove-leading-char
|
|
If the first character of a global symbol is a special symbol leading
|
|
character used by the object file format, remove the character. The
|
|
most common symbol leading character is underscore. This option will
|
|
remove a leading underscore from all global symbols. This can be useful
|
|
if you want to link together objects of different file formats with
|
|
different conventions for symbol names. This is different from
|
|
@option{--change-leading-char} because it always changes the symbol name
|
|
when appropriate, regardless of the object file format of the output
|
|
file.
|
|
|
|
@item --srec-len=@var{ival}
|
|
Meaningful only for srec output. Set the maximum length of the Srecords
|
|
being produced to @var{ival}. This length covers both address, data and
|
|
crc fields.
|
|
|
|
@item --srec-forceS3
|
|
Meaningful only for srec output. Avoid generation of S1/S2 records,
|
|
creating S3-only record format.
|
|
|
|
@item --redefine-sym @var{old}=@var{new}
|
|
Change the name of a symbol @var{old}, to @var{new}. This can be useful
|
|
when one is trying link two things together for which you have no
|
|
source, and there are name collisions.
|
|
|
|
@item --weaken
|
|
Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be useful
|
|
when building an object which will be linked against other objects using
|
|
the @option{-R} option to the linker. This option is only effective when
|
|
using an object file format which supports weak symbols.
|
|
|
|
@item --keep-symbols=@var{filename}
|
|
Apply @option{--keep-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file
|
|
@var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol
|
|
name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character.
|
|
This option may be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item --strip-symbols=@var{filename}
|
|
Apply @option{--strip-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file
|
|
@var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol
|
|
name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character.
|
|
This option may be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item --keep-global-symbols=@var{filename}
|
|
Apply @option{--keep-global-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the
|
|
file @var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one
|
|
symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash
|
|
character. This option may be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item --localize-symbols=@var{filename}
|
|
Apply @option{--localize-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file
|
|
@var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol
|
|
name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character.
|
|
This option may be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item --weaken-symbols=@var{filename}
|
|
Apply @option{--weaken-symbol} option to each symbol listed in the file
|
|
@var{filename}. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one symbol
|
|
name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character.
|
|
This option may be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item --alt-machine-code=@var{index}
|
|
If the output architecture has alternate machine codes, use the
|
|
@var{index}th code instead of the default one. This is useful in case
|
|
a machine is assigned an official code and the tool-chain adopts the
|
|
new code, but other applications still depend on the original code
|
|
being used.
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Show the version number of @command{objcopy}.
|
|
|
|
@item -v
|
|
@itemx --verbose
|
|
Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
|
|
archives, @samp{objcopy -V} lists all members of the archive.
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Show a summary of the options to @command{objcopy}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO objcopy
|
|
ld(1), objdump(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node objdump
|
|
@chapter objdump
|
|
|
|
@cindex object file information
|
|
@kindex objdump
|
|
|
|
@c man title objdump display information from object files.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS objdump
|
|
objdump [@option{-a}|@option{--archive-headers}]
|
|
[@option{-b} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=@var{bfdname}}]
|
|
[@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}] ]
|
|
[@option{-d}|@option{--disassemble}]
|
|
[@option{-D}|@option{--disassemble-all}]
|
|
[@option{-z}|@option{--disassemble-zeroes}]
|
|
[@option{-EB}|@option{-EL}|@option{--endian=}@{big | little @}]
|
|
[@option{-f}|@option{--file-headers}]
|
|
[@option{--file-start-context}]
|
|
[@option{-g}|@option{--debugging}]
|
|
[@option{-h}|@option{--section-headers}|@option{--headers}]
|
|
[@option{-i}|@option{--info}]
|
|
[@option{-j} @var{section}|@option{--section=}@var{section}]
|
|
[@option{-l}|@option{--line-numbers}]
|
|
[@option{-S}|@option{--source}]
|
|
[@option{-m} @var{machine}|@option{--architecture=}@var{machine}]
|
|
[@option{-M} @var{options}|@option{--disassembler-options=}@var{options}]
|
|
[@option{-p}|@option{--private-headers}]
|
|
[@option{-r}|@option{--reloc}]
|
|
[@option{-R}|@option{--dynamic-reloc}]
|
|
[@option{-s}|@option{--full-contents}]
|
|
[@option{-G}|@option{--stabs}]
|
|
[@option{-t}|@option{--syms}]
|
|
[@option{-T}|@option{--dynamic-syms}]
|
|
[@option{-x}|@option{--all-headers}]
|
|
[@option{-w}|@option{--wide}]
|
|
[@option{--start-address=}@var{address}]
|
|
[@option{--stop-address=}@var{address}]
|
|
[@option{--prefix-addresses}]
|
|
[@option{--[no-]show-raw-insn}]
|
|
[@option{--adjust-vma=}@var{offset}]
|
|
[@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
|
|
[@option{-H}|@option{--help}]
|
|
@var{objfile}@dots{}
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION objdump
|
|
|
|
@command{objdump} displays information about one or more object files.
|
|
The options control what particular information to display. This
|
|
information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the
|
|
compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their
|
|
program to compile and work.
|
|
|
|
@var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. When you
|
|
specify archives, @command{objdump} shows information on each of the member
|
|
object files.
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS objdump
|
|
|
|
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
|
|
equivalent. At least one option from the list
|
|
@option{-a,-d,-D,-f,-g,-G,-h,-H,-p,-r,-R,-S,-t,-T,-V,-x} must be given.
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item -a
|
|
@itemx --archive-header
|
|
@cindex archive headers
|
|
If any of the @var{objfile} files are archives, display the archive
|
|
header information (in a format similar to @samp{ls -l}). Besides the
|
|
information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows
|
|
the object file format of each archive member.
|
|
|
|
@item --adjust-vma=@var{offset}
|
|
@cindex section addresses in objdump
|
|
@cindex VMA in objdump
|
|
When dumping information, first add @var{offset} to all the section
|
|
addresses. This is useful if the section addresses do not correspond to
|
|
the symbol table, which can happen when putting sections at particular
|
|
addresses when using a format which can not represent section addresses,
|
|
such as a.out.
|
|
|
|
@item -b @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
@cindex object code format
|
|
Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
|
|
@var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @var{objdump} can
|
|
automatically recognize many formats.
|
|
|
|
For example,
|
|
@example
|
|
objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o
|
|
@end example
|
|
@noindent
|
|
displays summary information from the section headers (@option{-h}) of
|
|
@file{fu.o}, which is explicitly identified (@option{-m}) as a VAX object
|
|
file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the
|
|
formats available with the @option{-i} option.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -C
|
|
@itemx --demangle[=@var{style}]
|
|
@cindex demangling in objdump
|
|
Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
|
|
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
|
|
makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different
|
|
mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
|
|
choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt},
|
|
for more information on demangling.
|
|
|
|
@item -G
|
|
@item --debugging
|
|
Display debugging information. This attempts to parse debugging
|
|
information stored in the file and print it out using a C like syntax.
|
|
Only certain types of debugging information have been implemented.
|
|
|
|
@item -d
|
|
@itemx --disassemble
|
|
@cindex disassembling object code
|
|
@cindex machine instructions
|
|
Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine instructions from
|
|
@var{objfile}. This option only disassembles those sections which are
|
|
expected to contain instructions.
|
|
|
|
@item -D
|
|
@itemx --disassemble-all
|
|
Like @option{-d}, but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just
|
|
those expected to contain instructions.
|
|
|
|
@item --prefix-addresses
|
|
When disassembling, print the complete address on each line. This is
|
|
the older disassembly format.
|
|
|
|
@item --disassemble-zeroes
|
|
Normally the disassembly output will skip blocks of zeroes. This
|
|
option directs the disassembler to disassemble those blocks, just like
|
|
any other data.
|
|
|
|
@item -EB
|
|
@itemx -EL
|
|
@itemx --endian=@{big|little@}
|
|
@cindex endianness
|
|
@cindex disassembly endianness
|
|
Specify the endianness of the object files. This only affects
|
|
disassembly. This can be useful when disassembling a file format which
|
|
does not describe endianness information, such as S-records.
|
|
|
|
@item -f
|
|
@itemx --file-header
|
|
@cindex object file header
|
|
Display summary information from the overall header of
|
|
each of the @var{objfile} files.
|
|
|
|
@item --file-start-context
|
|
@cindex source code context
|
|
Specify that when displaying interlisted source code/disassembly
|
|
(assumes @option{-S}) from a file that has not yet been displayed, extend the
|
|
context to the start of the file.
|
|
|
|
@item -h
|
|
@itemx --section-header
|
|
@itemx --header
|
|
@cindex section headers
|
|
Display summary information from the section headers of the
|
|
object file.
|
|
|
|
File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example by
|
|
using the @option{-Ttext}, @option{-Tdata}, or @option{-Tbss} options to
|
|
@command{ld}. However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not
|
|
store the starting address of the file segments. In those situations,
|
|
although @command{ld} relocates the sections correctly, using @samp{objdump
|
|
-h} to list the file section headers cannot show the correct addresses.
|
|
Instead, it shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the
|
|
target.
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Print a summary of the options to @command{objdump} and exit.
|
|
|
|
@item -i
|
|
@itemx --info
|
|
@cindex architectures available
|
|
@cindex object formats available
|
|
Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available
|
|
for specification with @option{-b} or @option{-m}.
|
|
|
|
@item -j @var{name}
|
|
@itemx --section=@var{name}
|
|
@cindex section information
|
|
Display information only for section @var{name}.
|
|
|
|
@item -l
|
|
@itemx --line-numbers
|
|
@cindex source filenames for object files
|
|
Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename and
|
|
source line numbers corresponding to the object code or relocs shown.
|
|
Only useful with @option{-d}, @option{-D}, or @option{-r}.
|
|
|
|
@item -m @var{machine}
|
|
@itemx --architecture=@var{machine}
|
|
@cindex architecture
|
|
@cindex disassembly architecture
|
|
Specify the architecture to use when disassembling object files. This
|
|
can be useful when disassembling object files which do not describe
|
|
architecture information, such as S-records. You can list the available
|
|
architectures with the @option{-i} option.
|
|
|
|
@item -M @var{options}
|
|
@itemx --disassembler-options=@var{options}
|
|
Pass target specific information to the disassembler. Only supported on
|
|
some targets.
|
|
|
|
If the target is an ARM architecture then this switch can be used to
|
|
select which register name set is used during disassembler. Specifying
|
|
@option{-M reg-name-std} (the default) will select the register names as
|
|
used in ARM's instruction set documentation, but with register 13 called
|
|
'sp', register 14 called 'lr' and register 15 called 'pc'. Specifying
|
|
@option{-M reg-names-apcs} will select the name set used by the ARM
|
|
Procedure Call Standard, whilst specifying @option{-M reg-names-raw} will
|
|
just use @samp{r} followed by the register number.
|
|
|
|
There are also two variants on the APCS register naming scheme enabled
|
|
by @option{-M reg-names-atpcs} and @option{-M reg-names-special-atpcs} which
|
|
use the ARM/Thumb Procedure Call Standard naming conventions. (Either
|
|
with the normal register name or the special register names).
|
|
|
|
This option can also be used for ARM architectures to force the
|
|
disassembler to interpret all instructions as Thumb instructions by
|
|
using the switch @option{--disassembler-options=force-thumb}. This can be
|
|
useful when attempting to disassemble thumb code produced by other
|
|
compilers.
|
|
|
|
For the x86, some of the options duplicate functions of the @option{-m}
|
|
switch, but allow finer grained control. Multiple selections from the
|
|
following may be specified as a comma separated string.
|
|
@option{x86-64}, @option{i386} and @option{i8086} select disassembly for
|
|
the given architecture. @option{intel} and @option{att} select between
|
|
intel syntax mode and AT&T syntax mode. @option{addr32},
|
|
@option{addr16}, @option{data32} and @option{data16} specify the default
|
|
address size and operand size. These four options will be overridden if
|
|
@option{x86-64}, @option{i386} or @option{i8086} appear later in the
|
|
option string. Lastly, @option{suffix}, when in AT&T mode,
|
|
instructs the dissassembler to print a mnemonic suffix even when the
|
|
suffix could be inferred by the operands.
|
|
|
|
For PPC, @option{booke}, @option{booke32} and @option{booke64} select
|
|
disassembly of BookE instructions. @option{32} and @option{64} select
|
|
PowerPC and PowerPC64 disassembly, respectively.
|
|
|
|
@item -p
|
|
@itemx --private-headers
|
|
Print information that is specific to the object file format. The exact
|
|
information printed depends upon the object file format. For some
|
|
object file formats, no additional information is printed.
|
|
|
|
@item -r
|
|
@itemx --reloc
|
|
@cindex relocation entries, in object file
|
|
Print the relocation entries of the file. If used with @option{-d} or
|
|
@option{-D}, the relocations are printed interspersed with the
|
|
disassembly.
|
|
|
|
@item -R
|
|
@itemx --dynamic-reloc
|
|
@cindex dynamic relocation entries, in object file
|
|
Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only
|
|
meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
|
|
libraries.
|
|
|
|
@item -s
|
|
@itemx --full-contents
|
|
@cindex sections, full contents
|
|
@cindex object file sections
|
|
Display the full contents of any sections requested.
|
|
|
|
@item -S
|
|
@itemx --source
|
|
@cindex source disassembly
|
|
@cindex disassembly, with source
|
|
Display source code intermixed with disassembly, if possible. Implies
|
|
@option{-d}.
|
|
|
|
@item --show-raw-insn
|
|
When disassembling instructions, print the instruction in hex as well as
|
|
in symbolic form. This is the default except when
|
|
@option{--prefix-addresses} is used.
|
|
|
|
@item --no-show-raw-insn
|
|
When disassembling instructions, do not print the instruction bytes.
|
|
This is the default when @option{--prefix-addresses} is used.
|
|
|
|
@item -G
|
|
@item --stabs
|
|
@cindex stab
|
|
@cindex .stab
|
|
@cindex debug symbols
|
|
@cindex ELF object file format
|
|
Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the
|
|
contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from an
|
|
ELF file. This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) in which
|
|
@code{.stab} debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF
|
|
section. In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table entries are
|
|
interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in the @option{--syms}
|
|
output.
|
|
@ifclear man
|
|
For more information on stabs symbols, see @ref{Top,Stabs,Stabs
|
|
Overview,stabs.info, The ``stabs'' debug format}.
|
|
@end ifclear
|
|
|
|
@item --start-address=@var{address}
|
|
@cindex start-address
|
|
Start displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output
|
|
of the @option{-d}, @option{-r} and @option{-s} options.
|
|
|
|
@item --stop-address=@var{address}
|
|
@cindex stop-address
|
|
Stop displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output
|
|
of the @option{-d}, @option{-r} and @option{-s} options.
|
|
|
|
@item -t
|
|
@itemx --syms
|
|
@cindex symbol table entries, printing
|
|
Print the symbol table entries of the file.
|
|
This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program.
|
|
|
|
@item -T
|
|
@itemx --dynamic-syms
|
|
@cindex dynamic symbol table entries, printing
|
|
Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only
|
|
meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
|
|
libraries. This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm}
|
|
program when given the @option{-D} (@option{--dynamic}) option.
|
|
|
|
@item --version
|
|
Print the version number of @command{objdump} and exit.
|
|
|
|
@item -x
|
|
@itemx --all-header
|
|
@cindex all header information, object file
|
|
@cindex header information, all
|
|
Display all available header information, including the symbol table and
|
|
relocation entries. Using @option{-x} is equivalent to specifying all of
|
|
@option{-a -f -h -r -t}.
|
|
|
|
@item -w
|
|
@itemx --wide
|
|
@cindex wide output, printing
|
|
Format some lines for output devices that have more than 80 columns.
|
|
Also do not truncate symbol names when they are displayed.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO objdump
|
|
nm(1), readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node ranlib
|
|
@chapter ranlib
|
|
|
|
@kindex ranlib
|
|
@cindex archive contents
|
|
@cindex symbol index
|
|
|
|
@c man title ranlib generate index to archive.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS ranlib
|
|
ranlib [@option{-vV}] @var{archive}
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION ranlib
|
|
|
|
@command{ranlib} generates an index to the contents of an archive and
|
|
stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a
|
|
member of an archive that is a relocatable object file.
|
|
|
|
You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index.
|
|
|
|
An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and
|
|
allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to
|
|
their placement in the archive.
|
|
|
|
The @sc{gnu} @command{ranlib} program is another form of @sc{gnu} @command{ar}; running
|
|
@command{ranlib} is completely equivalent to executing @samp{ar -s}.
|
|
@xref{ar}.
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS ranlib
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item -v
|
|
@itemx -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Show the version number of @command{ranlib}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO ranlib
|
|
ar(1), nm(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node size
|
|
@chapter size
|
|
|
|
@kindex size
|
|
@cindex section sizes
|
|
|
|
@c man title size list section sizes and total size.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS size
|
|
size [@option{-A}|@option{-B}|@option{--format=}@var{compatibility}]
|
|
[@option{--help}]
|
|
[@option{-d}|@option{-o}|@option{-x}|@option{--radix=}@var{number}]
|
|
[@option{-t}|@option{--totals}]
|
|
[@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
|
|
[@var{objfile}@dots{}]
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION size
|
|
|
|
The @sc{gnu} @command{size} utility lists the section sizes---and the total
|
|
size---for each of the object or archive files @var{objfile} in its
|
|
argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each
|
|
object file or each module in an archive.
|
|
|
|
@var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined.
|
|
If none are specified, the file @code{a.out} will be used.
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS size
|
|
|
|
The command line options have the following meanings:
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item -A
|
|
@itemx -B
|
|
@itemx --format=@var{compatibility}
|
|
@cindex @command{size} display format
|
|
Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from @sc{gnu}
|
|
@command{size} resembles output from System V @command{size} (using @option{-A},
|
|
or @option{--format=sysv}), or Berkeley @command{size} (using @option{-B}, or
|
|
@option{--format=berkeley}). The default is the one-line format similar to
|
|
Berkeley's.
|
|
@c Bonus for doc-source readers: you can also say --format=strange (or
|
|
@c anything else that starts with 's') for sysv, and --format=boring (or
|
|
@c anything else that starts with 'b') for Berkeley.
|
|
|
|
Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from
|
|
@command{size}:
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
$ size --format=Berkeley ranlib size
|
|
text data bss dec hex filename
|
|
294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib
|
|
294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions:
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
$ size --format=SysV ranlib size
|
|
ranlib :
|
|
section size addr
|
|
.text 294880 8192
|
|
.data 81920 303104
|
|
.bss 11592 385024
|
|
Total 388392
|
|
|
|
|
|
size :
|
|
section size addr
|
|
.text 294880 8192
|
|
.data 81920 303104
|
|
.bss 11888 385024
|
|
Total 388688
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options.
|
|
|
|
@item -d
|
|
@itemx -o
|
|
@itemx -x
|
|
@itemx --radix=@var{number}
|
|
@cindex @command{size} number format
|
|
@cindex radix for section sizes
|
|
Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each
|
|
section is given in decimal (@option{-d}, or @option{--radix=10}); octal
|
|
(@option{-o}, or @option{--radix=8}); or hexadecimal (@option{-x}, or
|
|
@option{--radix=16}). In @option{--radix=@var{number}}, only the three
|
|
values (8, 10, 16) are supported. The total size is always given in two
|
|
radices; decimal and hexadecimal for @option{-d} or @option{-x} output, or
|
|
octal and hexadecimal if you're using @option{-o}.
|
|
|
|
@item -t
|
|
@itemx --totals
|
|
Show totals of all objects listed (Berkeley format listing mode only).
|
|
|
|
@item --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
@cindex object code format
|
|
Specify that the object-code format for @var{objfile} is
|
|
@var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @command{size} can
|
|
automatically recognize many formats.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Display the version number of @command{size}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO size
|
|
ar(1), objdump(1), readelf(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node strings
|
|
@chapter strings
|
|
@kindex strings
|
|
@cindex listings strings
|
|
@cindex printing strings
|
|
@cindex strings, printing
|
|
|
|
@c man title strings print the strings of printable characters in files.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS strings
|
|
strings [@option{-afov}] [@option{-}@var{min-len}]
|
|
[@option{-n} @var{min-len}] [@option{--bytes=}@var{min-len}]
|
|
[@option{-t} @var{radix}] [@option{--radix=}@var{radix}]
|
|
[@option{-e} @var{encoding}] [@option{--encoding=}@var{encoding}]
|
|
[@option{-}] [@option{--all}] [@option{--print-file-name}]
|
|
[@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}]
|
|
[@option{--help}] [@option{--version}] @var{file}@dots{}
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION strings
|
|
|
|
For each @var{file} given, @sc{gnu} @command{strings} prints the printable
|
|
character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number
|
|
given with the options below) and are followed by an unprintable
|
|
character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized
|
|
and loaded sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints
|
|
the strings from the whole file.
|
|
|
|
@command{strings} is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text
|
|
files.
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS strings
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item -a
|
|
@itemx --all
|
|
@itemx -
|
|
Do not scan only the initialized and loaded sections of object files;
|
|
scan the whole files.
|
|
|
|
@item -f
|
|
@itemx --print-file-name
|
|
Print the name of the file before each string.
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit.
|
|
|
|
@item -@var{min-len}
|
|
@itemx -n @var{min-len}
|
|
@itemx --bytes=@var{min-len}
|
|
Print sequences of characters that are at least @var{min-len} characters
|
|
long, instead of the default 4.
|
|
|
|
@item -o
|
|
Like @samp{-t o}. Some other versions of @command{strings} have @option{-o}
|
|
act like @samp{-t d} instead. Since we can not be compatible with both
|
|
ways, we simply chose one.
|
|
|
|
@item -t @var{radix}
|
|
@itemx --radix=@var{radix}
|
|
Print the offset within the file before each string. The single
|
|
character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for
|
|
octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal.
|
|
|
|
@item -e @var{encoding}
|
|
@itemx --encoding=@var{encoding}
|
|
Select the character encoding of the strings that are to be found.
|
|
Possible values for @var{encoding} are: @samp{s} = single-byte
|
|
characters (ASCII, ISO 8859, etc., default), @samp{b} = 16-bit
|
|
Bigendian, @samp{l} = 16-bit Littleendian, @samp{B} = 32-bit Bigendian,
|
|
@samp{L} = 32-bit Littleendian. Useful for finding wide character
|
|
strings.
|
|
|
|
@item --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
@cindex object code format
|
|
Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -v
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Print the program version number on the standard output and exit.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO strings
|
|
ar(1), nm(1), objdump(1), ranlib(1), readelf(1)
|
|
and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node strip
|
|
@chapter strip
|
|
|
|
@kindex strip
|
|
@cindex removing symbols
|
|
@cindex discarding symbols
|
|
@cindex symbols, discarding
|
|
|
|
@c man title strip Discard symbols from object files.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS strip
|
|
strip [@option{-F} @var{bfdname} |@option{--target=}@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[@option{-I} @var{bfdname} |@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[@option{-O} @var{bfdname} |@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[@option{-s}|@option{--strip-all}] [@option{-S}|@option{-g}|@option{-d}|@option{--strip-debug}]
|
|
[@option{-K} @var{symbolname} |@option{--keep-symbol=}@var{symbolname} ]
|
|
[@option{-N} @var{symbolname} |@option{--strip-symbol=}@var{symbolname} ]
|
|
[@option{-x}|@option{--discard-all} ] [@option{-X} |@option{--discard-locals}]
|
|
[@option{-R} @var{sectionname} |@option{--remove-section=}@var{sectionname} ]
|
|
[@option{-o} @var{file} ] [@option{-p}|@option{--preserve-dates}]
|
|
[@option{-v} |@option{--verbose}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}] [@option{--help}]
|
|
@var{objfile}@dots{}
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION strip
|
|
|
|
@sc{gnu} @command{strip} discards all symbols from object files
|
|
@var{objfile}. The list of object files may include archives.
|
|
At least one object file must be given.
|
|
|
|
@command{strip} modifies the files named in its argument,
|
|
rather than writing modified copies under different names.
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS strip
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item -F @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
|
|
code format @var{bfdname}, and rewrite it in the same format.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Show a summary of the options to @command{strip} and exit.
|
|
|
|
@item -I @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
|
|
code format @var{bfdname}.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -O @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{bfdname}.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -R @var{sectionname}
|
|
@itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname}
|
|
Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This
|
|
option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
|
|
inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
|
|
|
|
@item -s
|
|
@itemx --strip-all
|
|
Remove all symbols.
|
|
|
|
@item -g
|
|
@itemx -S
|
|
@itemx -d
|
|
@itemx --strip-debug
|
|
Remove debugging symbols only.
|
|
|
|
@item --strip-unneeded
|
|
Remove all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.
|
|
|
|
@item -K @var{symbolname}
|
|
@itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname}
|
|
Keep only symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may
|
|
be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item -N @var{symbolname}
|
|
@itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname}
|
|
Remove symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may be
|
|
given more than once, and may be combined with strip options other than
|
|
@option{-K}.
|
|
|
|
@item -o @var{file}
|
|
Put the stripped output in @var{file}, rather than replacing the
|
|
existing file. When this argument is used, only one @var{objfile}
|
|
argument may be specified.
|
|
|
|
@item -p
|
|
@itemx --preserve-dates
|
|
Preserve the access and modification dates of the file.
|
|
|
|
@item -x
|
|
@itemx --discard-all
|
|
Remove non-global symbols.
|
|
|
|
@item -X
|
|
@itemx --discard-locals
|
|
Remove compiler-generated local symbols.
|
|
(These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.)
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Show the version number for @command{strip}.
|
|
|
|
@item -v
|
|
@itemx --verbose
|
|
Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
|
|
archives, @samp{strip -v} lists all members of the archive.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO strip
|
|
the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node c++filt, addr2line, strip, Top
|
|
@chapter c++filt
|
|
|
|
@kindex c++filt
|
|
@cindex demangling C++ symbols
|
|
|
|
@c man title cxxfilt Demangle C++ and Java symbols.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS cxxfilt
|
|
c++filt [@option{-_}|@option{--strip-underscores}]
|
|
[@option{-j}|@option{--java}]
|
|
[@option{-n}|@option{--no-strip-underscores}]
|
|
[@option{-s} @var{format}|@option{--format=}@var{format}]
|
|
[@option{--help}] [@option{--version}] [@var{symbol}@dots{}]
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION cxxfilt
|
|
|
|
@kindex cxxfilt
|
|
The C++ and Java languages provides function overloading, which means
|
|
that you can write many functions with the same name (providing each
|
|
takes parameters of different types). All C++ and Java function names
|
|
are encoded into a low-level assembly label (this process is known as
|
|
@dfn{mangling}). The @command{c++filt}
|
|
@footnote{MS-DOS does not allow @kbd{+} characters in file names, so on
|
|
MS-DOS this program is named @command{cxxfilt}.}
|
|
program does the inverse mapping: it decodes (@dfn{demangles}) low-level
|
|
names into user-level names so that the linker can keep these overloaded
|
|
functions from clashing.
|
|
|
|
Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores,
|
|
dollars, or periods) seen in the input is a potential label. If the
|
|
label decodes into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the low-level
|
|
name in the output.
|
|
|
|
You can use @command{c++filt} to decipher individual symbols:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
c++filt @var{symbol}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
If no @var{symbol} arguments are given, @command{c++filt} reads symbol
|
|
names from the standard input and writes the demangled names to the
|
|
standard output. All results are printed on the standard output.
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS cxxfilt
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item -_
|
|
@itemx --strip-underscores
|
|
On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front
|
|
of every name. For example, the C name @code{foo} gets the low-level
|
|
name @code{_foo}. This option removes the initial underscore. Whether
|
|
@command{c++filt} removes the underscore by default is target dependent.
|
|
|
|
@item -j
|
|
@itemx --java
|
|
Prints demangled names using Java syntax. The default is to use C++
|
|
syntax.
|
|
|
|
@item -n
|
|
@itemx --no-strip-underscores
|
|
Do not remove the initial underscore.
|
|
|
|
@item -s @var{format}
|
|
@itemx --format=@var{format}
|
|
@sc{gnu} @command{nm} can decode three different methods of mangling, used by
|
|
different C++ compilers. The argument to this option selects which
|
|
method it uses:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item gnu
|
|
the one used by the @sc{gnu} compiler (the default method)
|
|
@item lucid
|
|
the one used by the Lucid compiler
|
|
@item arm
|
|
the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual
|
|
@item hp
|
|
the one used by the HP compiler
|
|
@item edg
|
|
the one used by the EDG compiler
|
|
@item gnu-v3
|
|
the one used by the @sc{gnu} compiler with the new ABI.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Print a summary of the options to @command{c++filt} and exit.
|
|
|
|
@item --version
|
|
Print the version number of @command{c++filt} and exit.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO cxxfilt
|
|
the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@quotation
|
|
@emph{Warning:} @command{c++filt} is a new utility, and the details of its
|
|
user interface are subject to change in future releases. In particular,
|
|
a command-line option may be required in the the future to decode a name
|
|
passed as an argument on the command line; in other words,
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
c++filt @var{symbol}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
may in a future release become
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
c++filt @var{option} @var{symbol}
|
|
@end example
|
|
@end quotation
|
|
|
|
@node addr2line
|
|
@chapter addr2line
|
|
|
|
@kindex addr2line
|
|
@cindex address to file name and line number
|
|
|
|
@c man title addr2line convert addresses into file names and line numbers.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS addr2line
|
|
addr2line [@option{-b} @var{bfdname}|@option{--target=}@var{bfdname}]
|
|
[@option{-C}|@option{--demangle}[=@var{style}]]
|
|
[@option{-e} @var{filename}|@option{--exe=}@var{filename}]
|
|
[@option{-f}|@option{--functions}] [@option{-s}|@option{--basename}]
|
|
[@option{-H}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
|
|
[addr addr @dots{}]
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION addr2line
|
|
|
|
@command{addr2line} translates program addresses into file names and line
|
|
numbers. Given an address and an executable, it uses the debugging
|
|
information in the executable to figure out which file name and line
|
|
number are associated with a given address.
|
|
|
|
The executable to use is specified with the @option{-e} option. The
|
|
default is the file @file{a.out}.
|
|
|
|
@command{addr2line} has two modes of operation.
|
|
|
|
In the first, hexadecimal addresses are specified on the command line,
|
|
and @command{addr2line} displays the file name and line number for each
|
|
address.
|
|
|
|
In the second, @command{addr2line} reads hexadecimal addresses from
|
|
standard input, and prints the file name and line number for each
|
|
address on standard output. In this mode, @command{addr2line} may be used
|
|
in a pipe to convert dynamically chosen addresses.
|
|
|
|
The format of the output is @samp{FILENAME:LINENO}. The file name and
|
|
line number for each address is printed on a separate line. If the
|
|
@command{-f} option is used, then each @samp{FILENAME:LINENO} line is
|
|
preceded by a @samp{FUNCTIONNAME} line which is the name of the function
|
|
containing the address.
|
|
|
|
If the file name or function name can not be determined,
|
|
@command{addr2line} will print two question marks in their place. If the
|
|
line number can not be determined, @command{addr2line} will print 0.
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS addr2line
|
|
|
|
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
|
|
equivalent.
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item -b @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
@cindex object code format
|
|
Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
|
|
@var{bfdname}.
|
|
|
|
@item -C
|
|
@itemx --demangle[=@var{style}]
|
|
@cindex demangling in objdump
|
|
Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
|
|
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
|
|
makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different
|
|
mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
|
|
choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. @xref{c++filt},
|
|
for more information on demangling.
|
|
|
|
@item -e @var{filename}
|
|
@itemx --exe=@var{filename}
|
|
Specify the name of the executable for which addresses should be
|
|
translated. The default file is @file{a.out}.
|
|
|
|
@item -f
|
|
@itemx --functions
|
|
Display function names as well as file and line number information.
|
|
|
|
@item -s
|
|
@itemx --basenames
|
|
Display only the base of each file name.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO addr2line
|
|
Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node nlmconv
|
|
@chapter nlmconv
|
|
|
|
@command{nlmconv} converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare
|
|
Loadable Module.
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@command{nlmconv} currently works with @samp{i386} object
|
|
files in @code{coff}, @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format, and @sc{SPARC}
|
|
object files in @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format@footnote{
|
|
@command{nlmconv} should work with any @samp{i386} or @sc{sparc} object
|
|
format in the Binary File Descriptor library. It has only been tested
|
|
with the above formats.}.
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@quotation
|
|
@emph{Warning:} @command{nlmconv} is not always built as part of the binary
|
|
utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets.
|
|
@end quotation
|
|
|
|
@c man title nlmconv converts object code into an NLM.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS nlmconv
|
|
nlmconv [@option{-I} @var{bfdname}|@option{--input-target=}@var{bfdname}]
|
|
[@option{-O} @var{bfdname}|@option{--output-target=}@var{bfdname}]
|
|
[@option{-T} @var{headerfile}|@option{--header-file=}@var{headerfile}]
|
|
[@option{-d}|@option{--debug}] [@option{-l} @var{linker}|@option{--linker=}@var{linker}]
|
|
[@option{-h}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
|
|
@var{infile} @var{outfile}
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION nlmconv
|
|
|
|
@command{nlmconv} converts the relocatable @samp{i386} object file
|
|
@var{infile} into the NetWare Loadable Module @var{outfile}, optionally
|
|
reading @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions
|
|
on writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see the
|
|
@samp{linkers} section, @samp{NLMLINK} in particular, of the @cite{NLM
|
|
Development and Tools Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software
|
|
Developer's Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc.
|
|
@command{nlmconv} uses the @sc{gnu} Binary File Descriptor library to read
|
|
@var{infile};
|
|
@ifclear man
|
|
see @ref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}, for more information.
|
|
@end ifclear
|
|
|
|
@command{nlmconv} can perform a link step. In other words, you can list
|
|
more than one object file for input if you list them in the definitions
|
|
file (rather than simply specifying one input file on the command line).
|
|
In this case, @command{nlmconv} calls the linker for you.
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS nlmconv
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item -I @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Object format of the input file. @command{nlmconv} can usually determine
|
|
the format of a given file (so no default is necessary).
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -O @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Object format of the output file. @command{nlmconv} infers the output
|
|
format based on the input format, e.g. for a @samp{i386} input file the
|
|
output format is @samp{nlm32-i386}.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -T @var{headerfile}
|
|
@itemx --header-file=@var{headerfile}
|
|
Reads @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions on
|
|
writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see the
|
|
@samp{linkers} section, of the @cite{NLM Development and Tools
|
|
Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available
|
|
from Novell, Inc.
|
|
|
|
@item -d
|
|
@itemx --debug
|
|
Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by @command{nlmconv}.
|
|
|
|
@item -l @var{linker}
|
|
@itemx --linker=@var{linker}
|
|
Use @var{linker} for any linking. @var{linker} can be an absolute or a
|
|
relative pathname.
|
|
|
|
@item -h
|
|
@itemx --help
|
|
Prints a usage summary.
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Prints the version number for @command{nlmconv}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO nlmconv
|
|
the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node windres
|
|
@chapter windres
|
|
|
|
@command{windres} may be used to manipulate Windows resources.
|
|
|
|
@quotation
|
|
@emph{Warning:} @command{windres} is not always built as part of the binary
|
|
utilities, since it is only useful for Windows targets.
|
|
@end quotation
|
|
|
|
@c man title windres manipulate Windows resources.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS windres
|
|
windres [options] [input-file] [output-file]
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION windres
|
|
|
|
@command{windres} reads resources from an input file and copies them into
|
|
an output file. Either file may be in one of three formats:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item rc
|
|
A text format read by the Resource Compiler.
|
|
|
|
@item res
|
|
A binary format generated by the Resource Compiler.
|
|
|
|
@item coff
|
|
A COFF object or executable.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
The exact description of these different formats is available in
|
|
documentation from Microsoft.
|
|
|
|
When @command{windres} converts from the @code{rc} format to the @code{res}
|
|
format, it is acting like the Windows Resource Compiler. When
|
|
@command{windres} converts from the @code{res} format to the @code{coff}
|
|
format, it is acting like the Windows @code{CVTRES} program.
|
|
|
|
When @command{windres} generates an @code{rc} file, the output is similar
|
|
but not identical to the format expected for the input. When an input
|
|
@code{rc} file refers to an external filename, an output @code{rc} file
|
|
will instead include the file contents.
|
|
|
|
If the input or output format is not specified, @command{windres} will
|
|
guess based on the file name, or, for the input file, the file contents.
|
|
A file with an extension of @file{.rc} will be treated as an @code{rc}
|
|
file, a file with an extension of @file{.res} will be treated as a
|
|
@code{res} file, and a file with an extension of @file{.o} or
|
|
@file{.exe} will be treated as a @code{coff} file.
|
|
|
|
If no output file is specified, @command{windres} will print the resources
|
|
in @code{rc} format to standard output.
|
|
|
|
The normal use is for you to write an @code{rc} file, use @command{windres}
|
|
to convert it to a COFF object file, and then link the COFF file into
|
|
your application. This will make the resources described in the
|
|
@code{rc} file available to Windows.
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS windres
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item -i @var{filename}
|
|
@itemx --input @var{filename}
|
|
The name of the input file. If this option is not used, then
|
|
@command{windres} will use the first non-option argument as the input file
|
|
name. If there are no non-option arguments, then @command{windres} will
|
|
read from standard input. @command{windres} can not read a COFF file from
|
|
standard input.
|
|
|
|
@item -o @var{filename}
|
|
@itemx --output @var{filename}
|
|
The name of the output file. If this option is not used, then
|
|
@command{windres} will use the first non-option argument, after any used
|
|
for the input file name, as the output file name. If there is no
|
|
non-option argument, then @command{windres} will write to standard output.
|
|
@command{windres} can not write a COFF file to standard output.
|
|
|
|
@item -I @var{format}
|
|
@itemx --input-format @var{format}
|
|
The input format to read. @var{format} may be @samp{res}, @samp{rc}, or
|
|
@samp{coff}. If no input format is specified, @command{windres} will
|
|
guess, as described above.
|
|
|
|
@item -O @var{format}
|
|
@itemx --output-format @var{format}
|
|
The output format to generate. @var{format} may be @samp{res},
|
|
@samp{rc}, or @samp{coff}. If no output format is specified,
|
|
@command{windres} will guess, as described above.
|
|
|
|
@item -F @var{target}
|
|
@itemx --target @var{target}
|
|
Specify the BFD format to use for a COFF file as input or output. This
|
|
is a BFD target name; you can use the @option{--help} option to see a list
|
|
of supported targets. Normally @command{windres} will use the default
|
|
format, which is the first one listed by the @option{--help} option.
|
|
@ifclear man
|
|
@ref{Target Selection}.
|
|
@end ifclear
|
|
|
|
@item --preprocessor @var{program}
|
|
When @command{windres} reads an @code{rc} file, it runs it through the C
|
|
preprocessor first. This option may be used to specify the preprocessor
|
|
to use, including any leading arguments. The default preprocessor
|
|
argument is @code{gcc -E -xc-header -DRC_INVOKED}.
|
|
|
|
@item --include-dir @var{directory}
|
|
Specify an include directory to use when reading an @code{rc} file.
|
|
@command{windres} will pass this to the preprocessor as an @option{-I}
|
|
option. @command{windres} will also search this directory when looking for
|
|
files named in the @code{rc} file.
|
|
|
|
@item -D @var{target}
|
|
@itemx --define @var{sym}[=@var{val}]
|
|
Specify a @option{-D} option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an
|
|
@code{rc} file.
|
|
|
|
@item -v
|
|
Enable verbose mode. This tells you what the preprocessor is if you
|
|
didn't specify one.
|
|
|
|
@item --language @var{val}
|
|
Specify the default language to use when reading an @code{rc} file.
|
|
@var{val} should be a hexadecimal language code. The low eight bits are
|
|
the language, and the high eight bits are the sublanguage.
|
|
|
|
@item --use-temp-file
|
|
Use a temporary file to instead of using popen to read the output of
|
|
the preprocessor. Use this option if the popen implementation is buggy
|
|
on the host (eg., certain non-English language versions of Windows 95 and
|
|
Windows 98 are known to have buggy popen where the output will instead
|
|
go the console).
|
|
|
|
@item --no-use-temp-file
|
|
Use popen, not a temporary file, to read the output of the preprocessor.
|
|
This is the default behaviour.
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Prints a usage summary.
|
|
|
|
@item --version
|
|
Prints the version number for @command{windres}.
|
|
|
|
@item --yydebug
|
|
If @command{windres} is compiled with @code{YYDEBUG} defined as @code{1},
|
|
this will turn on parser debugging.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO windres
|
|
the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node dlltool
|
|
@chapter Create files needed to build and use DLLs
|
|
@cindex DLL
|
|
@kindex dlltool
|
|
|
|
@command{dlltool} may be used to create the files needed to build and use
|
|
dynamic link libraries (DLLs).
|
|
|
|
@quotation
|
|
@emph{Warning:} @command{dlltool} is not always built as part of the binary
|
|
utilities, since it is only useful for those targets which support DLLs.
|
|
@end quotation
|
|
|
|
@c man title dlltool Create files needed to build and use DLLs.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS dlltool
|
|
dlltool [@option{-d}|@option{--input-def} @var{def-file-name}]
|
|
[@option{-b}|@option{--base-file} @var{base-file-name}]
|
|
[@option{-e}|@option{--output-exp} @var{exports-file-name}]
|
|
[@option{-z}|@option{--output-def} @var{def-file-name}]
|
|
[@option{-l}|@option{--output-lib} @var{library-file-name}]
|
|
[@option{--export-all-symbols}] [@option{--no-export-all-symbols}]
|
|
[@option{--exclude-symbols} @var{list}]
|
|
[@option{--no-default-excludes}]
|
|
[@option{-S}|@option{--as} @var{path-to-assembler}] [@option{-f}|@option{--as-flags} @var{options}]
|
|
[@option{-D}|@option{--dllname} @var{name}] [@option{-m}|@option{--machine} @var{machine}]
|
|
[@option{-a}|@option{--add-indirect}] [@option{-U}|@option{--add-underscore}] [@option{-k}|@option{--kill-at}]
|
|
[@option{-A}|@option{--add-stdcall-alias}]
|
|
[@option{-x}|@option{--no-idata4}] [@option{-c}|@option{--no-idata5}] [@option{-i}|@option{--interwork}]
|
|
[@option{-n}|@option{--nodelete}] [@option{-v}|@option{--verbose}]
|
|
[@option{-h}|@option{--help}] [@option{-V}|@option{--version}]
|
|
[object-file @dots{}]
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION dlltool
|
|
|
|
@command{dlltool} reads its inputs, which can come from the @option{-d} and
|
|
@option{-b} options as well as object files specified on the command
|
|
line. It then processes these inputs and if the @option{-e} option has
|
|
been specified it creates a exports file. If the @option{-l} option
|
|
has been specified it creates a library file and if the @option{-z} option
|
|
has been specified it creates a def file. Any or all of the @option{-e},
|
|
@option{-l} and @option{-z} options can be present in one invocation of
|
|
dlltool.
|
|
|
|
When creating a DLL, along with the source for the DLL, it is necessary
|
|
to have three other files. @command{dlltool} can help with the creation of
|
|
these files.
|
|
|
|
The first file is a @samp{.def} file which specifies which functions are
|
|
exported from the DLL, which functions the DLL imports, and so on. This
|
|
is a text file and can be created by hand, or @command{dlltool} can be used
|
|
to create it using the @option{-z} option. In this case @command{dlltool}
|
|
will scan the object files specified on its command line looking for
|
|
those functions which have been specially marked as being exported and
|
|
put entries for them in the .def file it creates.
|
|
|
|
In order to mark a function as being exported from a DLL, it needs to
|
|
have an @option{-export:<name_of_function>} entry in the @samp{.drectve}
|
|
section of the object file. This can be done in C by using the
|
|
asm() operator:
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
asm (".section .drectve");
|
|
asm (".ascii \"-export:my_func\"");
|
|
|
|
int my_func (void) @{ @dots{} @}
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
The second file needed for DLL creation is an exports file. This file
|
|
is linked with the object files that make up the body of the DLL and it
|
|
handles the interface between the DLL and the outside world. This is a
|
|
binary file and it can be created by giving the @option{-e} option to
|
|
@command{dlltool} when it is creating or reading in a .def file.
|
|
|
|
The third file needed for DLL creation is the library file that programs
|
|
will link with in order to access the functions in the DLL. This file
|
|
can be created by giving the @option{-l} option to dlltool when it
|
|
is creating or reading in a .def file.
|
|
|
|
@command{dlltool} builds the library file by hand, but it builds the
|
|
exports file by creating temporary files containing assembler statements
|
|
and then assembling these. The @option{-S} command line option can be
|
|
used to specify the path to the assembler that dlltool will use,
|
|
and the @option{-f} option can be used to pass specific flags to that
|
|
assembler. The @option{-n} can be used to prevent dlltool from deleting
|
|
these temporary assembler files when it is done, and if @option{-n} is
|
|
specified twice then this will prevent dlltool from deleting the
|
|
temporary object files it used to build the library.
|
|
|
|
Here is an example of creating a DLL from a source file @samp{dll.c} and
|
|
also creating a program (from an object file called @samp{program.o})
|
|
that uses that DLL:
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
gcc -c dll.c
|
|
dlltool -e exports.o -l dll.lib dll.o
|
|
gcc dll.o exports.o -o dll.dll
|
|
gcc program.o dll.lib -o program
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS dlltool
|
|
|
|
The command line options have the following meanings:
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
|
|
@item -d @var{filename}
|
|
@itemx --input-def @var{filename}
|
|
@cindex input .def file
|
|
Specifies the name of a .def file to be read in and processed.
|
|
|
|
@item -b @var{filename}
|
|
@itemx --base-file @var{filename}
|
|
@cindex base files
|
|
Specifies the name of a base file to be read in and processed. The
|
|
contents of this file will be added to the relocation section in the
|
|
exports file generated by dlltool.
|
|
|
|
@item -e @var{filename}
|
|
@itemx --output-exp @var{filename}
|
|
Specifies the name of the export file to be created by dlltool.
|
|
|
|
@item -z @var{filename}
|
|
@itemx --output-def @var{filename}
|
|
Specifies the name of the .def file to be created by dlltool.
|
|
|
|
@item -l @var{filename}
|
|
@itemx --output-lib @var{filename}
|
|
Specifies the name of the library file to be created by dlltool.
|
|
|
|
@item --export-all-symbols
|
|
Treat all global and weak defined symbols found in the input object
|
|
files as symbols to be exported. There is a small list of symbols which
|
|
are not exported by default; see the @option{--no-default-excludes}
|
|
option. You may add to the list of symbols to not export by using the
|
|
@option{--exclude-symbols} option.
|
|
|
|
@item --no-export-all-symbols
|
|
Only export symbols explicitly listed in an input .def file or in
|
|
@samp{.drectve} sections in the input object files. This is the default
|
|
behaviour. The @samp{.drectve} sections are created by @samp{dllexport}
|
|
attributes in the source code.
|
|
|
|
@item --exclude-symbols @var{list}
|
|
Do not export the symbols in @var{list}. This is a list of symbol names
|
|
separated by comma or colon characters. The symbol names should not
|
|
contain a leading underscore. This is only meaningful when
|
|
@option{--export-all-symbols} is used.
|
|
|
|
@item --no-default-excludes
|
|
When @option{--export-all-symbols} is used, it will by default avoid
|
|
exporting certain special symbols. The current list of symbols to avoid
|
|
exporting is @samp{DllMain@@12}, @samp{DllEntryPoint@@0},
|
|
@samp{impure_ptr}. You may use the @option{--no-default-excludes} option
|
|
to go ahead and export these special symbols. This is only meaningful
|
|
when @option{--export-all-symbols} is used.
|
|
|
|
@item -S @var{path}
|
|
@itemx --as @var{path}
|
|
Specifies the path, including the filename, of the assembler to be used
|
|
to create the exports file.
|
|
|
|
@item -f @var{options}
|
|
@itemx --as-flags @var{options}
|
|
Specifies any specific command line options to be passed to the
|
|
assembler when building the exports file. This option will work even if
|
|
the @option{-S} option is not used. This option only takes one argument,
|
|
and if it occurs more than once on the command line, then later
|
|
occurrences will override earlier occurrences. So if it is necessary to
|
|
pass multiple options to the assembler they should be enclosed in
|
|
double quotes.
|
|
|
|
@item -D @var{name}
|
|
@itemx --dll-name @var{name}
|
|
Specifies the name to be stored in the .def file as the name of the DLL
|
|
when the @option{-e} option is used. If this option is not present, then
|
|
the filename given to the @option{-e} option will be used as the name of
|
|
the DLL.
|
|
|
|
@item -m @var{machine}
|
|
@itemx -machine @var{machine}
|
|
Specifies the type of machine for which the library file should be
|
|
built. @command{dlltool} has a built in default type, depending upon how
|
|
it was created, but this option can be used to override that. This is
|
|
normally only useful when creating DLLs for an ARM processor, when the
|
|
contents of the DLL are actually encode using Thumb instructions.
|
|
|
|
@item -a
|
|
@itemx --add-indirect
|
|
Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it
|
|
should add a section which allows the exported functions to be
|
|
referenced without using the import library. Whatever the hell that
|
|
means!
|
|
|
|
@item -U
|
|
@itemx --add-underscore
|
|
Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it
|
|
should prepend an underscore to the names of the exported functions.
|
|
|
|
@item -k
|
|
@itemx --kill-at
|
|
Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it
|
|
should not append the string @samp{@@ <number>}. These numbers are
|
|
called ordinal numbers and they represent another way of accessing the
|
|
function in a DLL, other than by name.
|
|
|
|
@item -A
|
|
@itemx --add-stdcall-alias
|
|
Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports file it
|
|
should add aliases for stdcall symbols without @samp{@@ <number>}
|
|
in addition to the symbols with @samp{@@ <number>}.
|
|
|
|
@item -x
|
|
@itemx --no-idata4
|
|
Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library
|
|
files it should omit the @code{.idata4} section. This is for compatibility
|
|
with certain operating systems.
|
|
|
|
@item -c
|
|
@itemx --no-idata5
|
|
Specifies that when @command{dlltool} is creating the exports and library
|
|
files it should omit the @code{.idata5} section. This is for compatibility
|
|
with certain operating systems.
|
|
|
|
@item -i
|
|
@itemx --interwork
|
|
Specifies that @command{dlltool} should mark the objects in the library
|
|
file and exports file that it produces as supporting interworking
|
|
between ARM and Thumb code.
|
|
|
|
@item -n
|
|
@itemx --nodelete
|
|
Makes @command{dlltool} preserve the temporary assembler files it used to
|
|
create the exports file. If this option is repeated then dlltool will
|
|
also preserve the temporary object files it uses to create the library
|
|
file.
|
|
|
|
@item -v
|
|
@itemx --verbose
|
|
Make dlltool describe what it is doing.
|
|
|
|
@item -h
|
|
@itemx --help
|
|
Displays a list of command line options and then exits.
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Displays dlltool's version number and then exits.
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO dlltool
|
|
the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node readelf
|
|
@chapter readelf
|
|
|
|
@cindex ELF file information
|
|
@kindex readelf
|
|
|
|
@c man title readelf Displays information about ELF files.
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
@c man begin SYNOPSIS readelf
|
|
readelf [@option{-a}|@option{--all}]
|
|
[@option{-h}|@option{--file-header}]
|
|
[@option{-l}|@option{--program-headers}|@option{--segments}]
|
|
[@option{-S}|@option{--section-headers}|@option{--sections}]
|
|
[@option{-e}|@option{--headers}]
|
|
[@option{-s}|@option{--syms}|@option{--symbols}]
|
|
[@option{-n}|@option{--notes}]
|
|
[@option{-r}|@option{--relocs}]
|
|
[@option{-u}|@option{--unwind}]
|
|
[@option{-d}|@option{--dynamic}]
|
|
[@option{-V}|@option{--version-info}]
|
|
[@option{-D}|@option{--use-dynamic}]
|
|
[@option{-x} <number>|@option{--hex-dump=}<number>]
|
|
[@option{-w[liaprmfFso]}|@option{--debug-dump}[=line,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=ranges,=macro,=frames,=str,=loc]]
|
|
[@option{-histogram}]
|
|
[@option{-v}|@option{--version}]
|
|
[@option{-W}|@option{--wide}]
|
|
[@option{-H}|@option{--help}]
|
|
@var{elffile}@dots{}
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@c man begin DESCRIPTION readelf
|
|
|
|
@command{readelf} displays information about one or more ELF format object
|
|
files. The options control what particular information to display.
|
|
|
|
@var{elffile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. At the
|
|
moment, @command{readelf} does not support examining archives, nor does it
|
|
support examing 64 bit ELF files.
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@c man begin OPTIONS readelf
|
|
|
|
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
|
|
equivalent. At least one option besides @samp{-v} or @samp{-H} must be
|
|
given.
|
|
|
|
@table @env
|
|
@item -a
|
|
@itemx --all
|
|
Equivalent to specifiying @option{--file-header},
|
|
@option{--program-headers}, @option{--sections}, @option{--symbols},
|
|
@option{--relocs}, @option{--dynamic}, @option{--notes} and
|
|
@option{--version-info}.
|
|
|
|
@item -h
|
|
@itemx --file-header
|
|
@cindex ELF file header information
|
|
Displays the information contained in the ELF header at the start of the
|
|
file.
|
|
|
|
@item -l
|
|
@itemx --program-headers
|
|
@itemx --segments
|
|
@cindex ELF program header information
|
|
@cindex ELF segment information
|
|
Displays the information contained in the file's segment headers, if it
|
|
has any.
|
|
|
|
@item -S
|
|
@itemx --sections
|
|
@itemx --section-headers
|
|
@cindex ELF section information
|
|
Displays the information contained in the file's section headers, if it
|
|
has any.
|
|
|
|
@item -s
|
|
@itemx --symbols
|
|
@itemx --syms
|
|
@cindex ELF symbol table information
|
|
Displays the entries in symbol table section of the file, if it has one.
|
|
|
|
@item -e
|
|
@itemx --headers
|
|
Display all the headers in the file. Equivalent to @option{-h -l -S}.
|
|
|
|
@item -n
|
|
@itemx --notes
|
|
@cindex ELF core notes
|
|
Displays the contents of the NOTE segment, if it exists.
|
|
|
|
@item -r
|
|
@itemx --relocs
|
|
@cindex ELF reloc information
|
|
Displays the contents of the file's relocation section, if it has one.
|
|
|
|
@item -u
|
|
@itemx --unwind
|
|
@cindex unwind information
|
|
Displays the contents of the file's unwind section, if it has one. Only
|
|
the unwind sections for IA64 ELF files are currently supported.
|
|
|
|
@item -d
|
|
@itemx --dynamic
|
|
@cindex ELF dynamic section information
|
|
Displays the contents of the file's dynamic section, if it has one.
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version-info
|
|
@cindex ELF version sections informations
|
|
Displays the contents of the version sections in the file, it they
|
|
exist.
|
|
|
|
@item -D
|
|
@itemx --use-dynamic
|
|
When displaying symbols, this option makes @command{readelf} use the
|
|
symbol table in the file's dynamic section, rather than the one in the
|
|
symbols section.
|
|
|
|
@item -x <number>
|
|
@itemx --hex-dump=<number>
|
|
Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal dump.
|
|
|
|
@item -w[liaprmfFso]
|
|
@itemx --debug-dump[=line,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=ranges,=macro,=frames,=str,=loc]
|
|
Displays the contents of the debug sections in the file, if any are
|
|
present. If one of the optional letters or words follows the switch
|
|
then only data found in those specific sections will be dumped.
|
|
|
|
@item --histogram
|
|
Display a histogram of bucket list lengths when displaying the contents
|
|
of the symbol tables.
|
|
|
|
@item -v
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Display the version number of readelf.
|
|
|
|
@item -W
|
|
@itemx --wide
|
|
Don't break output lines to fit into 80 columns. By default
|
|
@command{readelf} breaks section header and segment listing lines for
|
|
64-bit ELF files, so that they fit into 80 columns. This option causes
|
|
@command{readelf} to print each section header resp. each segment one a
|
|
single line, which is far more readable on terminals wider than 80 columns.
|
|
|
|
@item -H
|
|
@itemx --help
|
|
Display the command line options understood by @command{readelf}.
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@c man end
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c man begin SEEALSO readelf
|
|
objdump(1), and the Info entries for @file{binutils}.
|
|
@c man end
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@node Selecting The Target System
|
|
@chapter Selecting the target system
|
|
|
|
You can specify three aspects of the target system to the @sc{gnu}
|
|
binary file utilities, each in several ways:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
the target
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the architecture
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the linker emulation (which applies to the linker only)
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in
|
|
order of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those
|
|
listed later.
|
|
|
|
The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the
|
|
programs you are running were configured. If they were configured with
|
|
@option{--enable-targets=all}, the commands list most of the available
|
|
values, but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at
|
|
once because some of them can only be configured @dfn{native} (on hosts
|
|
with the same type as the target system).
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Target Selection::
|
|
* Architecture Selection::
|
|
* Linker Emulation Selection::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Target Selection
|
|
@section Target Selection
|
|
|
|
A @dfn{target} is an object file format. A given target may be
|
|
supported for multiple architectures (@pxref{Architecture Selection}).
|
|
A target selection may also have variations for different operating
|
|
systems or architectures.
|
|
|
|
The command to list valid target values is @samp{objdump -i}
|
|
(the first column of output contains the relevant information).
|
|
|
|
Some sample values are: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips},
|
|
@samp{a.out-sunos-big}.
|
|
|
|
You can also specify a target using a configuration triplet. This is
|
|
the same sort of name that is passed to @file{configure} to specify a
|
|
target. When you use a configuration triplet as an argument, it must be
|
|
fully canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet by
|
|
running the shell script @file{config.sub} which is included with the
|
|
sources.
|
|
|
|
Some sample configuration triplets are: @samp{m68k-hp-bsd},
|
|
@samp{mips-dec-ultrix}, @samp{sparc-sun-sunos}.
|
|
|
|
@subheading @command{objdump} Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @option{-b} or @option{--target}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading @command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Input Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line options: @option{-I} or @option{--input-target}, or @option{-F} or @option{--target}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading @command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Output Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line options: @option{-O} or @option{--output-target}, or @option{-F} or @option{--target}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the input target (see ``@command{objcopy} and @command{strip} Input Target'' above)
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading @command{nm}, @command{size}, and @command{strings} Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @option{--target}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading Linker Input Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @option{-b} or @option{--format}
|
|
(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
script command @code{TARGET}
|
|
(@pxref{Format Commands,,Format Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
|
|
(@pxref{Environment,,Environment,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the default target of the selected linker emulation
|
|
(@pxref{Linker Emulation Selection})
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading Linker Output Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @option{-oformat}
|
|
(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
script command @code{OUTPUT_FORMAT}
|
|
(@pxref{Format Commands,,Format Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the linker input target (see ``Linker Input Target'' above)
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@node Architecture Selection
|
|
@section Architecture selection
|
|
|
|
An @dfn{architecture} is a type of @sc{cpu} on which an object file is
|
|
to run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the
|
|
processor family from the name of the particular @sc{cpu}.
|
|
|
|
The command to list valid architecture values is @samp{objdump -i} (the
|
|
second column contains the relevant information).
|
|
|
|
Sample values: @samp{m68k:68020}, @samp{mips:3000}, @samp{sparc}.
|
|
|
|
@subheading @command{objdump} Architecture
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @option{-m} or @option{--architecture}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading @command{objcopy}, @command{nm}, @command{size}, @command{strings} Architecture
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading Linker Input Architecture
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading Linker Output Architecture
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
script command @code{OUTPUT_ARCH}
|
|
(@pxref{Miscellaneous Commands,,Miscellaneous Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the default architecture from the linker output target
|
|
(@pxref{Target Selection})
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@node Linker Emulation Selection
|
|
@section Linker emulation selection
|
|
|
|
A linker @dfn{emulation} is a ``personality'' of the linker, which gives
|
|
the linker default values for the other aspects of the target system.
|
|
In particular, it consists of
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
the linker script
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the target
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
several ``hook'' functions that are run at certain stages of the linking
|
|
process to do special things that some targets require
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
The command to list valid linker emulation values is @samp{ld -V}.
|
|
|
|
Sample values: @samp{hp300bsd}, @samp{mipslit}, @samp{sun4}.
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @option{-m}
|
|
(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{LDEMULATION}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
compiled-in @code{DEFAULT_EMULATION} from @file{Makefile},
|
|
which comes from @code{EMUL} in @file{config/@var{target}.mt}
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@node Reporting Bugs
|
|
@chapter Reporting Bugs
|
|
@cindex bugs
|
|
@cindex reporting bugs
|
|
|
|
Your bug reports play an essential role in making the binary utilities
|
|
reliable.
|
|
|
|
Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or
|
|
it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is
|
|
to help the entire community by making the next version of the binary
|
|
utilities work better. Bug reports are your contribution to their
|
|
maintenance.
|
|
|
|
In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the
|
|
information that enables us to fix the bug.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug?
|
|
* Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Bug Criteria
|
|
@section Have you found a bug?
|
|
@cindex bug criteria
|
|
|
|
If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@cindex fatal signal
|
|
@cindex crash
|
|
@item
|
|
If a binary utility gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is
|
|
a bug. Reliable utilities never crash.
|
|
|
|
@cindex error on valid input
|
|
@item
|
|
If a binary utility produces an error message for valid input, that is a
|
|
bug.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
If you are an experienced user of binary utilities, your suggestions for
|
|
improvement are welcome in any case.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
@node Bug Reporting
|
|
@section How to report bugs
|
|
@cindex bug reports
|
|
@cindex bugs, reporting
|
|
|
|
A number of companies and individuals offer support for @sc{gnu}
|
|
products. If you obtained the binary utilities from a support
|
|
organization, we recommend you contact that organization first.
|
|
|
|
You can find contact information for many support companies and
|
|
individuals in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the @sc{gnu} Emacs
|
|
distribution.
|
|
|
|
In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for the binary
|
|
utilities to @samp{bug-binutils@@gnu.org}.
|
|
|
|
The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
|
|
@strong{report all the facts}. If you are not sure whether to state a
|
|
fact or leave it out, state it!
|
|
|
|
Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the
|
|
problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might
|
|
assume that the name of a file you use in an example does not matter.
|
|
Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is
|
|
a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where
|
|
that pathname is stored in memory; perhaps, if the pathname were
|
|
different, the contents of that location would fool the utility into
|
|
doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a
|
|
specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do,
|
|
and the most helpful.
|
|
|
|
Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug if
|
|
it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports on the assumption
|
|
that the bug has not been reported previously.
|
|
|
|
Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, ``Does this ring a
|
|
bell?'' Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to
|
|
@emph{refuse to respond to them} except to chide the sender to report
|
|
bugs properly.
|
|
|
|
To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
The version of the utility. Each utility announces it if you start it
|
|
with the @option{--version} argument.
|
|
|
|
Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for
|
|
the bug in the current version of the binary utilities.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Any patches you may have applied to the source, including any patches
|
|
made to the @code{BFD} library.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and
|
|
version number.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the utilities---e.g.
|
|
``@code{gcc-2.7}''.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
The command arguments you gave the utility to observe the bug. To
|
|
guarantee you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy
|
|
of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient.
|
|
|
|
If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong
|
|
and then we might not encounter the bug.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce the
|
|
bug. If the utility is reading an object file or files, then it is
|
|
generally most helpful to send the actual object files, uuencoded if
|
|
necessary to get them through the mail system. Note that
|
|
@samp{bug-binutils@@gnu.org} is a mailing list, so you should avoid
|
|
sending very large files to it. Making the files available for
|
|
anonymous FTP is OK.
|
|
|
|
If the source files were produced exclusively using @sc{gnu} programs
|
|
(e.g., @command{gcc}, @command{gas}, and/or the @sc{gnu} @command{ld}), then it
|
|
may be OK to send the source files rather than the object files. In
|
|
this case, be sure to say exactly what version of @command{gcc}, or
|
|
whatever, was used to produce the object files. Also say how
|
|
@command{gcc}, or whatever, was configured.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
|
|
incorrect. For example, ``It gets a fatal signal.''
|
|
|
|
Of course, if the bug is that the utility gets a fatal signal, then we
|
|
will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might
|
|
not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us
|
|
a chance to make a mistake.
|
|
|
|
Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still
|
|
say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as your
|
|
copy of the utility is out of synch, or you have encountered a bug in
|
|
the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might
|
|
crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when
|
|
ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening for
|
|
us. If you had not told us to expect a crash, then we would not be able
|
|
to draw any conclusion from our observations.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
If you wish to suggest changes to the source, send us context diffs, as
|
|
generated by @command{diff} with the @option{-u}, @option{-c}, or @option{-p}
|
|
option. Always send diffs from the old file to the new file. If you
|
|
wish to discuss something in the @command{ld} source, refer to it by
|
|
context, not by line number.
|
|
|
|
The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your
|
|
sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
Here are some things that are not necessary:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
A description of the envelope of the bug.
|
|
|
|
Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating
|
|
which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which
|
|
changes will not affect it.
|
|
|
|
This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we
|
|
will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger
|
|
with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples.
|
|
We recommend that you save your time for something else.
|
|
|
|
Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report @emph{instead}
|
|
of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the
|
|
output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take
|
|
less time, and so on.
|
|
|
|
However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this,
|
|
report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
A patch for the bug.
|
|
|
|
A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit
|
|
the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that
|
|
a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide
|
|
to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.
|
|
|
|
Sometimes with programs as complicated as the binary utilities it is
|
|
very hard to construct an example that will make the program follow a
|
|
certain path through the code. If you do not send us the example, we
|
|
will not be able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that
|
|
the bug is fixed.
|
|
|
|
And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your
|
|
patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will
|
|
help us to understand.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.
|
|
|
|
Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such
|
|
things without first using the debugger to find the facts.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
@node GNU Free Documentation License
|
|
@chapter GNU Free Documentation License
|
|
@cindex GNU Free Documentation License
|
|
|
|
GNU Free Documentation License
|
|
|
|
Version 1.1, March 2000
|
|
|
|
Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
|
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
|
|
|
|
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
|
|
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
0. PREAMBLE
|
|
|
|
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
|
|
written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
|
|
the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
|
|
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
|
|
this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
|
|
credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
|
|
modifications made by others.
|
|
|
|
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
|
|
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
|
|
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
|
|
license designed for free software.
|
|
|
|
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
|
|
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
|
|
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
|
|
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
|
|
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
|
|
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
|
|
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
|
|
|
|
This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
|
|
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
|
|
under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any
|
|
such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
|
|
addressed as "you".
|
|
|
|
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
|
|
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
|
|
modifications and/or translated into another language.
|
|
|
|
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
|
|
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
|
|
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
|
|
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
|
|
within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
|
|
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
|
|
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
|
|
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
|
|
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
|
|
them.
|
|
|
|
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
|
|
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
|
|
that says that the Document is released under this License.
|
|
|
|
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
|
|
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
|
|
the Document is released under this License.
|
|
|
|
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
|
|
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
|
|
general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
|
|
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
|
|
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
|
|
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
|
|
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
|
|
to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
|
|
format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
|
|
subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is
|
|
not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
|
|
|
|
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
|
|
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
|
|
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
|
|
HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include
|
|
PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
|
|
by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
|
|
processing tools are not generally available, and the
|
|
machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
|
|
purposes only.
|
|
|
|
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
|
|
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
|
|
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
|
|
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
|
|
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
|
|
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. VERBATIM COPYING
|
|
|
|
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
|
|
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
|
|
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
|
|
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
|
|
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
|
|
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
|
|
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
|
|
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
|
|
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
|
|
|
|
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
|
|
you may publicly display copies.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
|
|
|
|
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
|
|
and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
|
|
the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
|
|
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
|
|
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
|
|
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
|
|
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
|
|
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
|
|
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
|
|
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
|
|
as verbatim copying in other respects.
|
|
|
|
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
|
|
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
|
|
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
|
|
pages.
|
|
|
|
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
|
|
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
|
|
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
|
|
a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
|
|
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
|
|
general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
|
|
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
|
|
option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
|
|
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
|
|
Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
|
|
until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
|
|
copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
|
|
the public.
|
|
|
|
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
|
|
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
|
|
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. MODIFICATIONS
|
|
|
|
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
|
|
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
|
|
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
|
|
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
|
|
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
|
|
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
|
|
|
|
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
|
|
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
|
|
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
|
|
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
|
|
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
|
|
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
|
|
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
|
|
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
|
|
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).
|
|
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
|
|
Modified Version, as the publisher.
|
|
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
|
|
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
|
|
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
|
|
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
|
|
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
|
|
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
|
|
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
|
|
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
|
|
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
|
|
I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
|
|
it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
|
|
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
|
|
there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
|
|
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
|
|
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
|
|
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
|
|
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
|
|
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
|
|
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
|
|
it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
|
|
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
|
|
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
|
|
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
|
|
K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
|
|
preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
|
|
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
|
|
and/or dedications given therein.
|
|
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
|
|
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
|
|
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
|
|
M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
|
|
may not be included in the Modified Version.
|
|
N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements"
|
|
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
|
|
|
|
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
|
|
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
|
|
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
|
|
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
|
|
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
|
|
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
|
|
|
|
You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
|
|
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
|
|
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
|
|
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
|
|
standard.
|
|
|
|
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
|
|
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
|
|
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
|
|
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
|
|
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
|
|
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
|
|
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
|
|
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
|
|
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
|
|
|
|
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
|
|
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
|
|
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
|
|
|
|
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
|
|
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
|
|
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
|
|
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
|
|
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
|
|
license notice.
|
|
|
|
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
|
|
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
|
|
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
|
|
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
|
|
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
|
|
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
|
|
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
|
|
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
|
|
|
|
In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"
|
|
in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
|
|
"History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",
|
|
and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
|
|
entitled "Endorsements."
|
|
|
|
|
|
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
|
|
|
|
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
|
|
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
|
|
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
|
|
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
|
|
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
|
|
|
|
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
|
|
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
|
|
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
|
|
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
|
|
|
|
|
|
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
|
|
|
|
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
|
|
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
|
|
distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
|
|
of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
|
|
compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
|
|
License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
|
|
with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
|
|
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
|
|
|
|
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
|
|
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
|
|
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
|
|
covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
|
|
Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
|
|
|
|
|
|
8. TRANSLATION
|
|
|
|
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
|
|
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
|
|
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
|
|
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
|
|
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
|
|
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
|
|
translation of this License provided that you also include the
|
|
original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
|
|
between the translation and the original English version of this
|
|
License, the original English version will prevail.
|
|
|
|
|
|
9. TERMINATION
|
|
|
|
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
|
|
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
|
|
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
|
|
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
|
|
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
|
|
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
|
|
parties remain in full compliance.
|
|
|
|
|
|
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
|
|
|
|
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
|
|
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
|
|
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
|
|
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
|
|
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
|
|
|
|
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
|
|
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
|
|
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
|
|
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
|
|
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
|
|
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
|
|
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
|
|
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
|
|
|
|
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
|
|
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
|
|
license notices just after the title page:
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
|
|
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
|
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
|
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
|
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
|
|
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
|
|
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
|
|
Free Documentation License".
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
|
|
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no
|
|
Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of
|
|
"Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
|
|
|
|
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
|
|
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
|
|
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
|
|
to permit their use in free software.
|
|
|
|
@node Index
|
|
@unnumbered Index
|
|
|
|
@printindex cp
|
|
|
|
@contents
|
|
@bye
|