8acc9f485b
Two modifications:
1. The addition of 2013 to the copyright year range for every file;
2. The use of a single year range, instead of potentially multiple
year ranges, as approved by the FSF.
498 lines
22 KiB
Text
498 lines
22 KiB
Text
# Copyright (C) 2008-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
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# (at your option) any later version.
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#
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# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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# GNU General Public License for more details.
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#
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# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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# This file is part of the GDB testsuite. It tests the mechanism
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# exposing values to Python.
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load_lib gdb-python.exp
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standard_testfile
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# Build inferior to language specification.
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proc build_inferior {exefile lang} {
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global srcdir subdir srcfile testfile hex
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if { [gdb_compile "${srcdir}/${subdir}/${srcfile}" "${exefile}" executable "debug $lang"] != "" } {
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untested "Couldn't compile ${srcfile} in $lang mode"
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return -1
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}
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}
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proc test_value_creation {} {
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global gdb_prompt
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global gdb_py_is_py3k
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python i = gdb.Value (True)" "create boolean value" 1
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python i = gdb.Value (5)" "create integer value" 1
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if { $gdb_py_is_py3k == 0 } {
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python i = gdb.Value (5L)" "create long value" 1
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}
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python f = gdb.Value (1.25)" "create double value" 1
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python a = gdb.Value ('string test')" "create 8-bit string value" 1
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gdb_test "python print (a)" "\"string test\"" "print 8-bit string"
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gdb_test "python print (a.__class__)" "<(type|class) 'gdb.Value'>" "verify type of 8-bit string"
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if { $gdb_py_is_py3k == 0 } {
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python a = gdb.Value (u'unicode test')" "create unicode value" 1
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gdb_test "python print (a)" "\"unicode test\"" "print Unicode string"
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gdb_test "python print (a.__class__)" "<(type|class) 'gdb.Value'>" "verify type of unicode string"
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}
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# Test address attribute is None in a non-addressable value
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gdb_test "python print ('result = %s' % i.address)" "= None" "Test address attribute in non-addressable value"
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}
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proc test_value_numeric_ops {} {
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global gdb_prompt
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python i = gdb.Value (5)" "create first integer value" 0
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python j = gdb.Value (2)" "create second integer value" 0
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python f = gdb.Value (1.25)" "create first double value" 0
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python g = gdb.Value (2.5)" "create second double value" 0
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(i+j))" " = 7" "add two integer values"
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gdb_test "python print ((i+j).__class__)" "<(type|class) 'gdb.Value'>" "verify type of integer add result"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(f+g))" " = 3.75" "add two double values"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(i-j))" " = 3" "subtract two integer values"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(f-g))" " = -1.25" "subtract two double values"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(i*j))" " = 10" "multiply two integer values"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(f*g))" " = 3.125" "multiply two double values"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(i/j))" " = 2" "divide two integer values"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(f/g))" " = 0.5" "divide two double values"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(i%j))" " = 1" "take remainder of two integer values"
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# Remainder of float is implemented in Python but not in GDB's value system.
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(i**j))" " = 25" "integer value raised to the power of another integer value"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(g**j))" " = 6.25" "double value raised to the power of integer value"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(-i))" " = -5" "negated integer value"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(+i))" " = 5" "positive integer value"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(-f))" " = -1.25" "negated double value"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(+f))" " = 1.25" "positive double value"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(abs(j-i)))" " = 3" "absolute of integer value"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(abs(f-g)))" " = 1.25" "absolute of double value"
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# Test gdb.Value mixed with Python types.
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(i-1))" " = 4" "subtract integer value from python integer"
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gdb_test "python print ((i-1).__class__)" "<(type|class) 'gdb.Value'>" "verify type of mixed integer subtraction result"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(f+1.5))" " = 2.75" "add double value with python float"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(1-i))" " = -4" "subtract python integer from integer value"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(1.5+f))" " = 2.75" "add python float with double value"
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# Conversion test.
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gdb_test "print evalue" " = TWO"
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gdb_test_no_output "python evalue = gdb.history (0)"
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gdb_test "python print (int (evalue))" "2"
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# Test pointer arithmethic
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# First, obtain the pointers
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gdb_test "print (void *) 2" ".*" ""
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gdb_test_no_output "python a = gdb.history (0)" ""
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gdb_test "print (void *) 5" ".*" ""
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gdb_test_no_output "python b = gdb.history (0)" ""
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(a+5))" " = 0x7( <.*>)?" "add pointer value with python integer"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(b-2))" " = 0x3( <.*>)?" "subtract python integer from pointer value"
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(b-a))" " = 3" "subtract two pointer values"
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# Test some invalid operations.
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gdb_test_multiple "python print ('result = ' + str(i+'foo'))" "catch error in python type conversion" {
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-re "Argument to arithmetic operation not a number or boolean.*$gdb_prompt $" {pass "catch error in python type conversion"}
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-re "result = .*$gdb_prompt $" {fail "catch error in python type conversion"}
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-re "$gdb_prompt $" {fail "catch error in python type conversion"}
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}
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gdb_test_multiple "python print ('result = ' + str(i+gdb.Value('foo')))" "catch throw of GDB error" {
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-re "Traceback.*$gdb_prompt $" {pass "catch throw of GDB error"}
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-re "result = .*$gdb_prompt $" {fail "catch throw of GDB error"}
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-re "$gdb_prompt $" {fail "catch throw of GDB error"}
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}
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}
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proc test_value_boolean {} {
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# First, define a useful function to test booleans.
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gdb_py_test_multiple "define function to test booleans" \
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"python" "" \
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"def test_bool (val):" "" \
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" if val:" "" \
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" print ('yay')" "" \
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" else:" "" \
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" print ('nay')" "" \
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"end" ""
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gdb_test "py test_bool (gdb.Value (True))" "yay" "check evaluation of true boolean value in expression"
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gdb_test "py test_bool (gdb.Value (False))" "nay" "check evaluation of false boolean value in expression"
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gdb_test "py test_bool (gdb.Value (5))" "yay" "check evaluation of true integer value in expression"
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gdb_test "py test_bool (gdb.Value (0))" "nay" "check evaluation of false integer value in expression"
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gdb_test "py test_bool (gdb.Value (5.2))" "yay" "check evaluation of true integer value in expression"
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gdb_test "py test_bool (gdb.Value (0.0))" "nay" "check evaluation of false integer value in expression"
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}
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proc test_value_compare {} {
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) < gdb.Value (1))" "False" "less than, equal"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) < gdb.Value (2))" "True" "less than, less"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (2) < gdb.Value (1))" "False" "less than, greater"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (2) < None)" "False" "less than, None"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) <= gdb.Value (1))" "True" "less or equal, equal"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) <= gdb.Value (2))" "True" "less or equal, less"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (2) <= gdb.Value (1))" "False" "less or equal, greater"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (2) <= None)" "False" "less or equal, None"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) == gdb.Value (1))" "True" "equality of gdb.Values"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) == gdb.Value (2))" "False" "inequality of gdb.Values"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) == 1.0)" "True" "equality of gdb.Value with Python value"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) == 2)" "False" "inequality of gdb.Value with Python value"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) == None)" "False" "inequality of gdb.Value with None"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) != gdb.Value (1))" "False" "inequality, false"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) != gdb.Value (2))" "True" "inequality, true"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) != None)" "True" "inequality, None"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) > gdb.Value (1))" "False" "greater than, equal"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) > gdb.Value (2))" "False" "greater than, less"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (2) > gdb.Value (1))" "True" "greater than, greater"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (2) > None)" "True" "greater than, None"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) >= gdb.Value (1))" "True" "greater or equal, equal"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (1) >= gdb.Value (2))" "False" "greater or equal, less"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (2) >= gdb.Value (1))" "True" "greater or equal, greater"
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gdb_test "py print (gdb.Value (2) >= None)" "True" "greater or equal, None"
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}
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proc test_value_in_inferior {} {
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global gdb_prompt
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global testfile
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global gdb_py_is_py3k
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gdb_breakpoint [gdb_get_line_number "break to inspect struct and union"]
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gdb_continue_to_breakpoint "break to inspect struct and union"
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# Just get inferior variable s in the value history, available to python.
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gdb_test "print s" " = {a = 3, b = 5}" ""
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python s = gdb.history (0)" "get value from history" 1
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(s\['a'\]))" " = 3" "access element inside struct using 8-bit string name"
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if { $gdb_py_is_py3k == 0 } {
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gdb_test "python print ('result = ' + str(s\[u'a'\]))" " = 3" "access element inside struct using unicode name"
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}
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# Test dereferencing the argv pointer
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# Just get inferior variable argv the value history, available to python.
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gdb_test "print argv" " = \\(char \\*\\*\\) 0x.*" ""
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python argv = gdb.history (0)" "" 0
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python arg0 = argv.dereference ()" "dereference value" 1
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# Check that the dereferenced value is sane
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if { ! [target_info exists noargs] } {
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gdb_test "python print (arg0)" "0x.*$testfile\"" "verify dereferenced value"
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}
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# Smoke-test is_optimized_out attribute
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gdb_test "python print ('result = %s' % arg0.is_optimized_out)" "= False" "Test is_optimized_out attribute"
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# Test address attribute
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gdb_test "python print ('result = %s' % arg0.address)" "= 0x\[\[:xdigit:\]\]+" "Test address attribute"
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# Test displaying a variable that is temporarily at a bad address.
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# But if we can examine what's at memory address 0, then we'll also be
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# able to display it without error. Don't run the test in that case.
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set can_read_0 0
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gdb_test_multiple "x 0" "memory at address 0" {
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-re "0x0:\[ \t\]*Cannot access memory at address 0x0\r\n$gdb_prompt $" { }
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-re "0x0:\[ \t\]*Error accessing memory address 0x0\r\n$gdb_prompt $" { }
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-re "\r\n$gdb_prompt $" {
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set can_read_0 1
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}
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}
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# Test memory error.
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set test "parse_and_eval with memory error"
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if {$can_read_0} {
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untested $test
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} else {
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gdb_test "python print (gdb.parse_and_eval('*(int*)0'))" "gdb.MemoryError: Cannot access memory at address 0x0.*" $test
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}
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# Test Python lazy value handling
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set test "memory error and lazy values"
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if {$can_read_0} {
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untested $test
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} else {
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gdb_test "python inval = gdb.parse_and_eval('*(int*)0')"
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gdb_test "python print (inval.is_lazy)" "True"
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gdb_test "python inval2 = inval+1" "gdb.MemoryError: Cannot access memory at address 0x0.*" $test
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gdb_test "python inval.fetch_lazy ()" "gdb.MemoryError: Cannot access memory at address 0x0.*" $test
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}
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gdb_test "python argc_lazy = gdb.parse_and_eval('argc')"
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gdb_test "python argc_notlazy = gdb.parse_and_eval('argc')"
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gdb_test "python argc_notlazy.fetch_lazy()"
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gdb_test "python print (argc_lazy.is_lazy)" "True"
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gdb_test "python print (argc_notlazy.is_lazy)" "False"
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gdb_test "print argc" " = 1" "sanity check argc"
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gdb_test "python print (argc_lazy.is_lazy)" "\r\nTrue"
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gdb_test_no_output "set argc=2"
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gdb_test "python print (argc_notlazy)" "\r\n1"
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gdb_test "python print (argc_lazy)" "\r\n2"
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gdb_test "python print (argc_lazy.is_lazy)" "False"
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# Test string fetches, both partial and whole.
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gdb_test "print st" "\"divide et impera\""
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python st = gdb.history (0)" "get value from history" 1
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gdb_test "python print (st.string ())" "divide et impera" "Test string with no length"
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gdb_test "python print (st.string (length = -1))" "divide et impera" "Test string (length = -1) is all of the string"
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gdb_test "python print (st.string (length = 6))" "divide"
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gdb_test "python print (\"---\"+st.string (length = 0)+\"---\")" "------" "Test string (length = 0) is empty"
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gdb_test "python print (len(st.string (length = 0)))" "0" "Test length is 0"
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# Fetch a string that has embedded nulls.
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gdb_test "print nullst" "\"divide\\\\000et\\\\000impera\".*"
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python nullst = gdb.history (0)" "get value from history" 1
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gdb_test "python print (nullst.string ())" "divide" "Test string to first null"
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# Python cannot print strings that contain the null (\0) character.
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# For the purposes of this test, use repr()
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python nullst = nullst.string (length = 9)" "get string beyond null" 1
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gdb_test "python print (repr(nullst))" "u?'divide\\\\x00et'"
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}
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proc test_lazy_strings {} {
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global hex
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gdb_test "print sptr" "\"pointer\""
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python sptr = gdb.history (0)" "Get value from history" 1
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python lstr = sptr.lazy_string()" "Aquire lazy string" 1
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gdb_test "python print (lstr.type)" "const char \*." "Test type name equality"
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gdb_test "python print (sptr.type)" "const char \*." "Test type name equality"
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gdb_test "print sn" "0x0"
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python snptr = gdb.history (0)" "Get value from history" 1
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gdb_test "python snstr = snptr.lazy_string(length=5)" ".*Cannot create a lazy string with address.*" "Test lazy string"
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python snstr = snptr.lazy_string(length=0)" "Succesfully create a lazy string" 1
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gdb_test "python print (snstr.length)" "0" "Test lazy string length"
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gdb_test "python print (snstr.address)" "0" "Test lazy string address"
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}
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proc test_inferior_function_call {} {
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global gdb_prompt hex decimal
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# Correct inferior call without arguments.
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gdb_test "p/x fp1" " = $hex.*"
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python fp1 = gdb.history (0)" "get value from history" 1
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gdb_test "python fp1 = fp1.dereference()" ""
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gdb_test "python result = fp1()" ""
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gdb_test "python print (result)" "void"
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# Correct inferior call with arguments.
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gdb_test "p/x fp2" " = $hex.*"
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python fp2 = gdb.history (0)" "get value from history" 1
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gdb_test "python fp2 = fp2.dereference()" ""
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gdb_test "python result2 = fp2(10,20)" ""
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gdb_test "python print (result2)" "30"
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# Incorrect to call an int value.
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gdb_test "p i" " = $decimal.*"
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python i = gdb.history (0)" "get value from history" 1
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gdb_test "python result3 = i()" ".*Value is not callable.*"
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# Incorrect number of arguments.
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gdb_test "p/x fp2" " = $hex.*"
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python fp3 = gdb.history (0)" "get value from history" 1
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gdb_test "python fp3 = fp3.dereference()" ""
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gdb_test "python result2 = fp3(10)" ".*Too few arguments in function call.*"
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}
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# A few objfile tests.
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proc test_objfiles {} {
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gdb_test "python\nok=False\nfor file in gdb.objfiles():\n if 'py-value' in file.filename:\n ok=True\nprint (ok)\nend" "True" \
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"py-value in file.filename"
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gdb_test "python print (gdb.objfiles()\[0\].pretty_printers)" "\\\[\\\]"
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gdb_test "python gdb.objfiles()\[0\].pretty_printers = 0" \
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"pretty_printers attribute must be a list.*Error while executing Python code."
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}
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proc test_value_after_death {} {
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# Construct a type while the inferior is still running.
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gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python ptrtype = gdb.lookup_type('PTR')" \
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"create PTR type" 1
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# Kill the inferior and remove the symbols.
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gdb_test "kill" "" "kill the inferior" \
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"Kill the program being debugged. .y or n. $" \
|
|
"y"
|
|
gdb_test "file" "" "Discard the symbols" \
|
|
"Discard symbol table from.*y or n. $" \
|
|
"y"
|
|
|
|
# Now create a value using that type. Relies on arg0, created by
|
|
# test_value_in_inferior.
|
|
gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python castval = arg0.cast(ptrtype.pointer())" \
|
|
"cast arg0 to PTR" 1
|
|
|
|
# Make sure the type is deleted.
|
|
gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python ptrtype = None" \
|
|
"delete PTR type" 1
|
|
|
|
# Now see if the value's type is still valid.
|
|
gdb_test "python print (castval.type)" "PTR ." \
|
|
"print value's type"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
# Regression test for invalid subscript operations. The bug was that
|
|
# the type of the value was not being checked before allowing a
|
|
# subscript operation to proceed.
|
|
|
|
proc test_subscript_regression {exefile lang} {
|
|
# Start with a fresh gdb.
|
|
clean_restart ${exefile}
|
|
|
|
if ![runto_main ] then {
|
|
perror "couldn't run to breakpoint"
|
|
return
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
if {$lang == "c++"} {
|
|
gdb_breakpoint [gdb_get_line_number "break to inspect pointer by reference"]
|
|
gdb_continue_to_breakpoint "break to inspect pointer by reference"
|
|
|
|
gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "print rptr_int" \
|
|
"Obtain address" 1
|
|
gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python rptr = gdb.history(0)" \
|
|
"Obtains value from GDB" 1
|
|
gdb_test "python print (rptr\[0\])" "2" "Check pointer passed as reference"
|
|
|
|
# Just the most basic test of dynamic_cast -- it is checked in
|
|
# the C++ tests.
|
|
gdb_test "python print (bool(gdb.parse_and_eval('base').dynamic_cast(gdb.lookup_type('Derived').pointer())))" \
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
# Likewise.
|
|
gdb_test "python print (gdb.parse_and_eval('base').dynamic_type)" \
|
|
"Derived \[*\]"
|
|
# A static type case.
|
|
gdb_test "python print (gdb.parse_and_eval('5').dynamic_type)" \
|
|
"int"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
gdb_breakpoint [gdb_get_line_number "break to inspect struct and union"]
|
|
gdb_continue_to_breakpoint "break to inspect struct and union"
|
|
|
|
gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python intv = gdb.Value(1)" \
|
|
"Create a value for subscript test" 1
|
|
gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python stringv = gdb.Value(\"foo\")" \
|
|
"Create a value for subscript test" 1
|
|
|
|
# Try to access an int with a subscript. This should fail.
|
|
gdb_test "python print (intv)" "1" "Baseline print of a Python value"
|
|
gdb_test "python print (intv\[0\])" "gdb.error: Cannot subscript requested type.*" \
|
|
"Attempt to access an integer with a subscript"
|
|
|
|
# Try to access a string with a subscript. This should pass.
|
|
gdb_test "python print (stringv)" "foo." "Baseline print of a Python value"
|
|
gdb_test "python print (stringv\[0\])" "f." "Attempt to access a string with a subscript"
|
|
|
|
# Try to access an int array via a pointer with a subscript. This should pass.
|
|
gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "print p" "Build pointer to array" 1
|
|
gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python pointer = gdb.history(0)" "" 1
|
|
gdb_test "python print (pointer\[0\])" "1" "Access array via pointer with int subscript"
|
|
gdb_test "python print (pointer\[intv\])" "2" "Access array via pointer with value subscript"
|
|
|
|
# Try to access a single dimension array with a subscript to the
|
|
# result. This should fail.
|
|
gdb_test "python print (pointer\[intv\]\[0\])" "gdb.error: Cannot subscript requested type.*" \
|
|
"Attempt to access an integer with a subscript"
|
|
|
|
# Lastly, test subscript access to an array with multiple
|
|
# dimensions. This should pass.
|
|
gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "print {\"fu \",\"foo\",\"bar\"}" "Build array" 1
|
|
gdb_py_test_silent_cmd "python marray = gdb.history(0)" "" 1
|
|
gdb_test "python print (marray\[1\]\[2\])" "o." "Test multiple subscript"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
# A few tests of gdb.parse_and_eval.
|
|
proc test_parse_and_eval {} {
|
|
gdb_test "python print (gdb.parse_and_eval ('23'))" "23" \
|
|
"parse_and_eval constant test"
|
|
gdb_test "python print (gdb.parse_and_eval ('5 + 7'))" "12" \
|
|
"parse_and_eval simple expression test"
|
|
gdb_test "python print (type(gdb.parse_and_eval ('5 + 7')))" \
|
|
".(type|class) 'gdb.Value'."\
|
|
"parse_and_eval type test"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
# Test that values are hashable.
|
|
proc test_value_hash {} {
|
|
gdb_py_test_multiple "Simple Python value dictionary" \
|
|
"python" "" \
|
|
"one = gdb.Value(1)" "" \
|
|
"two = gdb.Value(2)" "" \
|
|
"three = gdb.Value(3)" "" \
|
|
"vdict = {one:\"one str\",two:\"two str\",three:\"three str\"}" "" \
|
|
"end"
|
|
gdb_test "python print (vdict\[one\])" "one str" "Test dictionary hash"
|
|
gdb_test "python print (vdict\[two\])" "two str" "Test dictionary hash"
|
|
gdb_test "python print (vdict\[three\])" "three str" "Test dictionary hash"
|
|
gdb_test "python print (one.__hash__() == hash(one))" "True" "Test inbuilt hash"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
# Build C and C++ versions of executable
|
|
build_inferior "${binfile}" "c"
|
|
build_inferior "${binfile}-cxx" "c++"
|
|
|
|
# Start with a fresh gdb.
|
|
clean_restart ${binfile}
|
|
|
|
# Skip all tests if Python scripting is not enabled.
|
|
if { [skip_python_tests] } { continue }
|
|
|
|
test_value_creation
|
|
test_value_numeric_ops
|
|
test_value_boolean
|
|
test_value_compare
|
|
test_objfiles
|
|
test_parse_and_eval
|
|
test_value_hash
|
|
|
|
# The following tests require execution.
|
|
|
|
if ![runto_main] then {
|
|
fail "Can't run to main"
|
|
return 0
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
test_value_in_inferior
|
|
test_inferior_function_call
|
|
test_lazy_strings
|
|
test_value_after_death
|
|
|
|
# Test either C or C++ values.
|
|
test_subscript_regression "${binfile}" "c"
|
|
test_subscript_regression "${binfile}-cxx" "c++"
|